Index of Terms

10th Amendment

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. 10th Amendment to the Constitution

Fundamental Principles and Values of American Political and Civic Life

1. The 9th and 10th Amendments of the Bill of Rights further express the concept of limited…

The Necessary and Proper Clause

1. … necessary and proper clause and the 10th Amendment. While the necessary and proper clause…
2. You can learn more about the 10th Amendment in Topic 6.5 of this book.

10th Amendment to the Constitution

1. Standard 6.5: 10th Amendment to the Constitution
2. … pandemic, states have used their 10th Amendment powers to implement emergency public…
3. The 10th Amendment to the Constitution states that any powers not granted to the federal…
4. … a move that will again raise 10th Amendment issues of state versus federal authority.
5. … PASPA unconstitutional under the 10th Amendment.  The federal government had overstepped…
6. … Anti-Federalists with the inclusion of the 10th Amendment in the Constitution. Anti-Federalists…
7. Learn more about The 10th Amendment from National Constitution Center and the necessary…
8. Explain why the 10th Amendment to the United States Constitution is important to state…

Responsibilities of Federal, State and Local Government

1. … exercise such powers under the 10th Amendment, Supreme Court decisions require a “compelling…

14th Amendment

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … just before the passage of the 14th Amendment and he lived nearly a century until just…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … due process of law under the 14th Amendment of the Constitution.

Civic, Political, and Private Life

1. … in such situations. Under the 14th Amendment, public health laws cannot be “arbitrary,…

Fundamental Principles and Values of American Political and Civic Life

1. … UNCOVER: The Importance of the 14th Amendment
2. Online Resources for the 14th Amendment
3. The 14th Amendment was one of three post-Civil War Amendments to the Constitution, the…
4. … Supreme Court cases involving the 14th Amendment.
5. … Court decisions based on the 14th Amendment.
6. … Civil Rights Bill of 1866, the 14th Amendment had five sections:
7. Since its passage, the 14th Amendment has continued to transform law and society in the…
8. … reviewing the importance of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, and outlining the…
9. … wrote these famous words of the 14th Amendment:  
10. The 14th Amendment is a landmark in United States law. The Bill of Rights protected citizens…
11. … government. UNCOVER discussed how the 14th Amendment to the Constitution has over time…

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … protection of the law under the 14th Amendment. On December 17, 1956, the United States…

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. … equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for…
2. … equal protection clauses of the 14th Amendment; and c) cases involving the Pledge of…

Core Documents: The Protection of Individual Rights

1. … INVESTIGATE: The Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment, and Article I of the Massachusetts…
2. The 14th Amendment
3. … including the Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment, and Article 1 of the Massachusetts…
4. The 14th Amendment is explored in Topic 4, Standard 4 in this book. 
5. … individual - the Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment, and Article 1 of the Massachusetts…
6. … including the Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment, and Article 1 of the Massachusetts…
7. … case, the court held that the 14th Amendment requires states to license marriages between…

10th Amendment to the Constitution

1. … over policies. In reality, the 14th Amendment's mandate that states must provide "any…

References

1. … September 17). The father of the 14th Amendment. The New York Times. Retrieved from…

19th Amendment

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … on the People's Vote list: the 19th Amendment establishing women's right to vote was…

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens and Non-Citizens

1. … the date of the signing of the 19th Amendment. Other ideas for a holiday for women's…

Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

1. … the time of the passage of the 19th Amendment, women were already voting in 15 states…
2. … established by the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, but small numbers of…

Amendments to the Constitution

1. … made for the significance of the 19th Amendment, for as journalist Lynn Sherr observed,…

References

1. … New Jersey before the 15th and 19th Amendments? Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/articles/voting-rights-in-nj-before-the-15th-and-19th.htm

26th Amendment

British Influences on American Government

1. Passed and ratified in 1971, the 26th Amendment to the Constitution gives 18-year-olds…

Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

1. … Americans, Library of Congress). The 26th Amendment established the right to vote for…

Alice Paul

British Influences on American Government

1. … Margaret Sanger, Helen Keller, Alice Paul, and Dolores Huerta - to name just a few…

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … and Shirley Chisholm; women activists Alice Paul and Helen Keller; labor organizer…

Amendments to the Constitution

1. 2. UNCOVER: Alice Paul and the History of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
2. … and women’s rights activist, Alice Paul wrote the Equal Rights Amendment (or ERA)…
3. … Amendment (ERA) that began with Alice Paul and continues to be supported and opposed…

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. … Truth, Susan B. Anthony, and Alice Paul.

Amendment

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. Amendments to the Constitution
2. 10th Amendment to the Constitution
3. TOPIC 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court [Standards 8.T5.1-6]

Learning Pathway: Racial Justice and Black Lives Matter

1. Topic 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

Learning Pathway: Influential Women

1. Topic 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

Learning Pathway: Student Rights

1. Topic 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

Learning Pathway: Current Events

1. Topic 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

Learning Pathway: Critical Media Literacy

1. Topic 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

British Influences on American Government

1. … and ratified in 1971, the 26th Amendment to the Constitution gives 18-year-olds…

The Constitutional Convention

1. 3.ENGAGE: Is a Federal Constitutional Amendment Needed to Abolish Slavery as a Punishment…
2. The Abolition Amendment
3. Although the 13th Amendment to the Constitution abolished slavery in 1865, it did…
4. … Williams introduced the Abolition Amendment to the federal constitution, prohibiting…
5. … would a federal constitutional Amendment have on people's historical memories and…
6. After the passage of the 13th Amendment, officials in the Jim Crow-era South routinely…
7. … or is a federal constitutional Amendment needed to fully eliminate slavery from…

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. The first 10 Amendments of the Bill of Rights are:
2. … before the passage of the 14th Amendment and he lived nearly a century until just…
3. … People's Vote list: the 19th Amendment establishing women's right to vote was number…
4. … the Constitution’s first 10 Amendments.
5. … understanding every major clause and Amendment. A section of the site called the…
6. The first 10 Amendments to the Constitution known as the Bill of Rights consists…
7. The first ten Amendments to the U. S. Constitution—the Bill of Rights—set forth…
8. … including signatures; now with its 27 Amendments, it is 7,591 words in length (Constitution…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. Following the 20th Amendment of the Constitution, Presidents of the United States…
2. … process of law under the 14th Amendment of the Constitution.
3. Prior to the passage of the 17th Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected not by…

Elections and Nominations

1. … barely blocked passage of an Amendment to replace the Electoral College with a…

Becoming a Citizen

1. … the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868. It took a Supreme Court decision,…

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens and Non-Citizens

1. … (the Constitution’s first 10 Amendments) and civil rights laws set forth the…
2. … date of the signing of the 19th Amendment. Other ideas for a holiday for women's…

Civic, Political, and Private Life

1. … parliament. A 1999 constitutional Amendment in France mandated political parties…
2. … has interpreted several of the Amendments to establish this right (Does the Constitution…
3. … such situations. Under the 14th Amendment, public health laws cannot be “arbitrary,…

Fundamental Principles and Values of American Political and Civic Life

1. … UNCOVER: The Importance of the 14th Amendment
2. Online Resources for the 14th Amendment
3. The 14th Amendment was one of three post-Civil War Amendments to the Constitution,…
4. … characterized the three post-Civil War Amendments as “sleeping giants . . . that…
5. … Court cases involving the 14th Amendment.
6. … the Constitution and its Sixth Amendment was passed, the right to trial and the…
7. … Court decisions based on the 14th Amendment.
8. … Constitution through a series of Amendments:
9. … do in school buildings (First Amendment Rights for Student Protesters). As a result,…
10. … concepts of what would be the Sixth Amendment in American law.
11. … Rights Bill of 1866, the 14th Amendment had five sections:
12. Since its passage, the 14th Amendment has continued to transform law and society…
13. … reviewing the importance of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, and outlining…
14. The 9th and 10th Amendments of the Bill of Rights further express the concept of…
15. … these famous words of the 14th Amendment:  
16. The 14th Amendment is a landmark in United States law. The Bill of Rights protected…
17. … UNCOVER discussed how the 14th Amendment to the Constitution has over time extended…
18. … Guaranteed to all by the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution, it means that defendants…

Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

1. … time of the passage of the 19th Amendment, women were already voting in 15 states…
2. … and even while constitutional Amendments, court cases, and state and federal laws…
3. … were established by the 15th Amendment in 1870 which declared "the right of citizens…
4. … Library of Congress). The 26th Amendment established the right to vote for 18 to…
5. … taxes were outlawed by the 24th Amendment in 1964.
6. … the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, but small numbers of women had…

Cooperation Between Individuals and Elected Leaders

1. … work. The Constitution’s First Amendment includes the right “to petition the…

Public Service as a Career

1. … Theory, and Teachers’ First Amendment Rights
2. … classrooms raise the issue of First Amendment rights for teachers in schools. What…
3. … distinction between the First Amendment speech protections for college professors…
4. … employees generally do not have First Amendment protection for their on-the-job…
5. … doesn’t a teacher have the First Amendment right to choose her own reading assignments,…
6. … category where they have both First Amendment speech rights and limitations on…

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … outlawed by the Constitution's 24th Amendment) by requiring former felons to pay…
2. … protection of the law under the 14th Amendment. On December 17, 1956, the United…
3. … democracy: the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments became law; Blacks were elected…

Public and Private Interest Groups, PACs, and Labor Unions

1. Democracy for All Constitutional Amendment
2. … individual citizens have proposed an Amendment to the Constitution designed to…
3. … in politics is to pass a 28th Amendment to the Constitution. Read a text of the…

The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

1. Topic 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions
2. … United States Constitution through Amendments, landmark Supreme Court decisions,…

The Necessary and Proper Clause

1. … and proper clause and the 10th Amendment. While the necessary and proper clause…
2. … can learn more about the 10th Amendment in Topic 6.5 of this book.

Amendments to the Constitution

1. … has Been the Impact of Those Amendments?
2. Standard 5.2: Amendments to the Constitution
3. Online Resources for Amendments to the Constitution
4. … the History of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
5. 3. ENGAGE: What New Amendments to the Constitution Are Needed Today?
6. … Prohibition and the 18th and 21st Amendments
7. … Connections: The Equal Rights Amendment on Twitter and other Social Media
8. … Resources for the Equal Rights Amendment
9. What new Amendments should be added to the U.S. constitution or to your state's…
10. … Constitution in a New Constitutional Amendments interactive from the New York Times…
11. … Alice Paul wrote the Equal Rights Amendment (or ERA) in 1923. Originally called…
12. Since 1787, 11,770 Amendments have been proposed but just 27 have been passed—the…
13. A summary of all Amendments to the Constitution is available from the National Constitution…
14. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) continues to be a sharply contested constitutional…
15. What Amendment is most well-known and considered most important? A majority of Americans…
16. More than 40 constitutional Amendments are introduced in Congress every year. They…
17. … the 37th state to ratify the Amendment; Nevada having done so in 2017 (NPR, 2017).…
18. Prohibition was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. For a brief overview of…
19. … ERA in the 1970s, claiming the Amendment would lead to tax dollars being spent…
20. The Amendment process has produced highly consequential changes to the United States…
21. … United States passed the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and…
22. Amendments to balance the federal budget, implement campaign finance reform, punish…
23. … long passed, although the 27th Amendment was first proposed in 1789 and was not…
24. … so they established a rigorous Amendment process. While the Constitution has been…
25. Here is an overview of Amendments 11-27. The most well-known and impactful Amendments…
26. … the Constitution, including key Amendments. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework…
27. … Lady Betty Ford was one of the Amendment’s leading supporters.
28. … California and Vermont approving Amendments to those state constitutions to affirm…

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. … took the addition of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution to do that and the…

Civil Rights and Equal Protection for Race, Gender, and Disability

1. … -- INVESTIGATE: Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
2. … Act; Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1970; and the Americans with Disabilities…
3. … the Americans with Disabilities Amendments Act in 2008. There are more resources…
4. … following timeline: Constitutional Amendments and Major Civil Rights Acts of Congress,…
5. … passage of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments following the Civil War. 

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. 1. INVESTIGATE: Landmark First Amendment Rights Cases
2. … Supreme Court Decisions: First Amendment Rights
3. … for Gun Control Laws and Second Amendment Court Cases
4. … rights in conflict: the First Amendment, due process, the flag and the Pledge of…
5. … protection clause of the 14th Amendment. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for…
6. … Court decisions at the First Amendment Encyclopedia from Middle Tennessee State…
7. … war. The meaning of the Second Amendment to the Constitution is at the center of…
8. … and the meaning of the First Amendment's Establishment Clause has long been an…
9. … observed that when the Second Amendment was written, the phrase "the right of the…
10. … requirement violates the Fourteenth Amendment by preventing law-abiding citizens…
11. The First Amendment of the Constitution states; "Congress shall make no law respecting…
12. … Petition, and Speech under the First Amendment. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework…
13. … was a violation of the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause that prohibits…
14. … its interpretations of a) First Amendment freedoms; b) the due process and equal…
15. … interpretations of the First Amendment, the Supreme Court has produced far-reaching…
16. … it was protected by the First Amendment because it did not substantially disrupt…
17. … Quiz: So, what’s the First Amendment? to test out your understanding of the First…

United States and Massachusetts Constitutions

1. Amendment X of the Constitution: Rights of the States under the Constitution (Part…

Enumerated and Implied Powers

1. … unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment. Over time, public attitudes changed…

Core Documents: The Protection of Individual Rights

1. … The Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment, and Article I of the Massachusetts Constitution
2. The 14th Amendment
3. … the Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment, and Article 1 of the Massachusetts Constitution.…
4. The 14th Amendment is explored in Topic 4, Standard 4 in this book. 
5. … the Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment, and Article 1 of the Massachusetts Constitution.…
6. … including the Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment, and Article 1 of the Massachusetts…
7. … same-sex couples of their 5th Amendment rights for equal protection under federal…
8. … on what you learn, propose an Amendment to the Constitution that focuses on the…
9. The first 10 Amendments of the United States Constitution is known as The Bill of…
10. … safety and happiness. [Annulled by Amendments, Art. CVI.]
11. … the court held that the 14th Amendment requires states to license marriages between…

10th Amendment to the Constitution

1. Standard 6.5: 10th Amendment to the Constitution
2. … pandemic, states have used their 10th Amendment powers to implement emergency public…
3. The 10th Amendment to the Constitution states that any powers not granted to the…
4. … move that will again raise 10th Amendment issues of state versus federal authority.
5. … unconstitutional under the 10th Amendment.  The federal government had overstepped…
6. … with the inclusion of the 10th Amendment in the Constitution. Anti-Federalists…
7. Learn more about The 10th Amendment from National Constitution Center and the necessary…
8. Explain why the 10th Amendment to the United States Constitution is important to…

Additional Provisions of the Massachusetts Constitution

1. … 27. One of the Massachusetts Amendments placed an environmental rights provision…
2. … Constitution called the Fair Share Amendment. This proposal would impose a 4 cent…

Responsibilities of Federal, State and Local Government

1. … exercise such powers under the 10th Amendment, Supreme Court decisions require…

Tax-Supported Facilities and Services

1. … Following the passage of the 16th Amendment, it was originally known as the Bureau…
2. … tax was established by the 16th Amendment in 1916; West Virginia established the…
3. … institutionalized by the 16th Amendment to the Constitution in 1913. Under a progressive…

Components of Local Government

1. … and Freedom of Speech, First Amendment Encyclopedia). Learn more about Open Meeting…

Freedom of the Press and News/Media Literacy

1. … the press clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution. Today, the press means…

Freedom of the Press

1. … Quiz: So, what’s the First Amendment? to test out your understanding of the…
2. … censorship violated their First Amendment rights of free speech.
3. … press is set forth in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution:  
4. Despite the First Amendment’s guarantee of freedom of expression, censorship has…
5. … for a redress of grievances” (Amendment 1: U.S. Constitution (Freedom of Religion,…
6. … Court declared that the First Amendment protects the publication of statements…
7. … included as a right in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and…
8. … (2020, p.1) noted of the First Amendment's protection of freedom of the press,…

Evaluating Print and Online Media

1. … company was infringing on the first Amendment rights of free speech. Trump himself…

References

1. Moore, P. (2016, April 12). First Amendment is the most important, and well known,…
2. … D. (2018, April 12). Proposed Amendments to the U.S. Constitution seldom go anywhere.…
3. … Retrieved from https://mtsu.edu/first-Amendment/post/1383/cheerleader-s-snapchat-rant-tests-students-free-speech-rights
4. … courts subvert students’ first Amendment rights. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University…
5. … Nevada passes the Equal Rights Amendment . . . 35 years after the deadline. Retrieved…
6. … Jersey before the 15th and 19th Amendments? Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/articles/voting-rights-in-nj-before-the-15th-and-19th.htm
7. … September 17). The father of the 14th Amendment. The New York Times. Retrieved…

Anti-Federalists

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. Debates Between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

Debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

1. … Debate Between Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
2. … Resources on Federalists and Anti-Federalists
3. … Constitution, Federalists and Anti-Federalists offered sharply diverging visions for the…
4. … disagreements between Federalists and Anti-Federalists? The modules for this topic outline…
5. … groups, the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists, emerged with the Federalists arguing…
6. … our wiki page, Federalists and Anti-Federalists.
7. The Anti-Federalists feared the Constitution would create a central government that would…
8. … the Constitution. Like other Anti-Federalists, her opposition to the new government ranged…
9. … Debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists
10. … debated between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists over ratification of the Constitution…

The Role of Political Parties

1. … by Alexander Hamilton) and the Anti-Federalists (led by Thomas Jefferson). Party divisions…

10th Amendment to the Constitution

1. Historians credit Anti-Federalists with the inclusion of the 10th amendment in the Constitution.…

Barack Obama

Native American Influences on U.S. Government

1. … cultures. In 2015, President Barack Obama issued an executive order to change the…

The Constitutional Convention

1. … the U.S. to the Presidency of Barack Obama.

Debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

1. … established in 1970. As President, Barack Obama took numerous steps to extend environmental…

Checks and Balances Between the Branches of Government

1. President Barack Obama delivers his State of the Union address, Feb. 12, 2013  "2013…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … the history, former President Barack Obama called the filibuster a “Jim Crow relic.”

Elections and Nominations

1. … states depends on the candidate. Barack Obama won Ohio in 2008 and 2012; Donald Trump…
2. … Presidential elections, only Barack Obama won by a greater popular vote margin. It…

Leadership and the Qualities of Political Leaders

1. … Oprah Winfrey's endorsement of Barack Obama for President in 2008 has been cited as…
2. … the iconic 2008 Hope poster for Barack Obama’s first campaign for President.…

Public and Private Interest Groups, PACs, and Labor Unions

1. … running for President in 2008, Barack Obama's campaign changed the political advertising…

Marbury v. Madison and the Principle of Judicial Review

1. In 2009, President Barack Obama signed a Congress-passed apology for the Trail of Tears…

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. … been held at the base. President Barack Obama ordered the detention facilities closed…

Analyzing Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, or Op-Ed Commentaries

1. … George W. Bush, Donald Trump, and Barack Obama saying things that they never would…

Bill of Rights

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

British Influences on American Government

1. … the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights which set limits on the power of the…

The Development of the United States Government

1. … Confederation, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights—as well as the contentious…

The Articles of Confederation

1. … legislature and a constitution with a Bill of Rights. The Northwest Ordinance also outlawed…

Debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

1. … government ranged from the "lack of a Bill of Rights guaranteeing freedom of the press…

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … Constitution and What Rights are in the Bill of Rights?
2. … Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights
3. Media Literacy Connections: The Bill of Rights on Twitter
4. The first 10 Amendments of the Bill of Rights are:
5. … about the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, ask what rights do Americans use the…
6. … followed by the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, and…
7. The Bill of Rights connects directly to students' legal rights at school. Go here for…
8. … Franklin Roosevelt’s Second Bill of Rights).
9. … individuals led to the inclusion of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution’s first 10…
10. The national Bill of Rights has inspired numerous other bills of rights related to economic…
11. … the Constitution known as the Bill of Rights consists of 472 words. It was signed on…
12. … the U. S. Constitution—the Bill of Rights—set forth the rights and freedoms of citizens…
13. When the Bill of Rights were drafted there were no systems of mass communication - no…
14. … the Rights Enumerated in the Bill of Rights; explain the reasons for the addition of…
15. … Constitution and the text of the Bill of Rights, the impact of W.E.B. Du Bois and the…
16. … Sanders Calls for a 21st Century Bill of Rights:

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens and Non-Citizens

1. … the first Monday in November), Bill of Rights Day (December 15), Law Day (May 1), Flag…
2. The Bill of Rights (the Constitution’s first 10 amendments) and civil rights laws set…

Civic, Political, and Private Life

1. … Franklin D. Roosevelt's Economic Bill of Rights that set forth a "right to employment"…

Fundamental Principles and Values of American Political and Civic Life

1. … the Constitution of 1787 or the Bill of Rights of 1789. While the Constitution guaranteed…
2. … 9th and 10th amendments of the Bill of Rights further express the concept of limited…
3. … all of the protections of the Bill of Rights to the actions of state governments, which…
4. … landmark in United States law. The Bill of Rights protected citizens from infringements…

Liberty in Conflict with Equality or Authority

1. … under the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. They are rights that protect individuals…
2. … Annexation of Hawaii from the Bill of Rights Institute).

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … ideals of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

Amendments to the Constitution

1. … passed—the first 10 were the Bill of Rights.

Functions of State and National Government

1. … drafted a Constitution with a Bill of Rights and proposed the structure of a native…

United States and Massachusetts Constitutions

1. … under the Constitution (Part of Bill of Rights):
2. … to create a constitution and Bill of Rights for the Internet:
3. … United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

Core Documents: The Protection of Individual Rights

1. 1. INVESTIGATE: The Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment, and Article I of the Massachusetts…
2. Bill of Rights
3. … individual rights, including the Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment, and Article 1 of…
4. The Bill of Rights is explored more fully in Topic 2, Standard 5 in this book.  
5. … rights of the individual - the Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment, and Article 1 of…
6. … core documents, including the Bill of Rights, the 14th Amendment, and Article 1 of…
7. … would later be included in the Bill of Rights (“Why Study the Massachusetts Constitution,”…
8. … Constitution is known as The Bill of Rights. It was proposed in 1789 and ratified by…
9. The Bill of Rights makes clear what Thomas Jefferson meant by the phrase “inalienable…

10th Amendment to the Constitution

1. … ratified along with the rest of the Bill of Rights on December 15, 1791. The 10th Amendment…

Additional Provisions of the Massachusetts Constitution

1. … (Is the Constitution Important? Bill of Rights Institute, 2011, para. 2). 
2. … fundamental rights while the federal Bill of Rights has only 10. The more expansive…

Freedom of the Press

1. … this case can be found at the Bill of Rights Institute.
2. … this case can be found at the Bill of Rights Institute.
3. … into the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
4. … this case can be found at the Bill of Rights Institute.

References

1. … Fall/Winter). Who voted in early America? Bill of Rights in Action. Retrieved from https://edtechbooks.org/-zqMA
2. … (nd).  Historical introduction. Bill of Rights: A primary sourcebook. Fall River Public…
3. Bill of Rights in Action. (1996, Winter). Black troops in union blue. Retrieved from…

Black Lives Matter

Introduction

1. … standards. Learning pathways include: Black Lives Matter, Student Rights, Influential Women,…

Learning Pathway: Racial Justice and Black Lives Matter

1. Black Lives Matter Choice Board
2. Racial Justice and Black Lives Matter Content & Activities by Chapter

Learning Pathway: Influential Women

1. … Other learning pathways include: Black Lives Matter, Student Rights, Election 2020, Media…

Learning Pathway: Student Rights

1. … Other learning pathways include: Black Lives Matter, Influential Women, Election 2020, Media…

Learning Pathway: Elections 2024, 2022, & 2020

1. … people and political parties, Black Lives Matter protests, an economic recession that may…
2. … Student Rights, Influential Women, Black Lives Matter, Media Literacy, and Current Events.

Learning Pathway: Current Events

1. … Rights, Influential Women, Black Lives Matter, Media Literacy, and Election 2020.

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … Capitol rioters as compared with Black Lives Matter (BLM) protesters during the summer of…

The Role of Political Protest

1. Black Lives Matter 
2. … American Revolutionary era to the Black Lives Matter protests in the summer of 2020, music…
3. … interactive map of George Floyd/Black Lives Matter protests. These turnout numbers would…
4. … wrote searing songs embracing Black Lives Matter Movement. "The Bigger Picture" by Lil Baby…
5. Black Lives Matter protests, beginning in May 2020, saw millions of people in more than 550…

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. … Orlando, Florida, NBA players wore Black Lives Matter t-shirts and conveyed messages of…
2. As Black Lives Matter protests continued throughout the early summer, the National Football…

Functions of State and National Government

1. … name changes in response to the Black Lives Matter Movement, 26 communities in Massachusetts,…

Additional Provisions of the Massachusetts Constitution

1. The 2020 Black Lives Matter protests that followed the killing of George Floyd have also…

Competing Information in a Free Press

1. The Black Lives Matter movement has focused attention on many aspects of African American…

Cartoonists

Writing the News: Different Formats and Their Functions

1. 2. UNCOVER: Pioneering Women Cartoonists and Animators: Jackie Ormes, Dale Messick,…
2. … strips drawn by pioneering women Cartoonists, Jackie Ormes (writing 1930 to 1956)…
3. The pioneering work of women Cartoonists and animators is part of the overlooked and…
4. … Dale Messick and Other Women Cartoonists and Animators

Analyzing Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, or Op-Ed Commentaries

1. … Vote with Cartoons shows how Cartoonists used the genre to build support for women's…

Cartoons

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. Analyzing Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, or Op-Ed Commentaries

Amendments to the Constitution

1. … and groups used advertisements, Cartoons, videos, and other media to spread messages…

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. … current movie posters, political Cartoons, advertising illustrations, and other…

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. … of effigies, pamphlets, songs, Cartoons, and liberty trees to express opposition…

Freedom of the Press

1. … analysis, editorials, editorial Cartoons, and Op-Ed commentaries. Readers and…

Writing the News: Different Formats and Their Functions

1. … Articles, Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, Op-Ed Commentaries, Photographs, Press…
2. Editorial or Political Cartoons
3. … noted how political or editorial Cartoons are “no laughing matter.”  They…
4. … articles, editorials, editorial Cartoons, and “op-ed” commentaries. (Massachusetts…
5. … articles, editorials, editorial Cartoons, Op-Ed commentaries, and news photographs.…
6. … articles, editorials, editorial Cartoons, Op-Ed commentaries, take news photographs,…
7. … articles, editorials, political Cartoons, Op-Ed commentaries, news photographs,…
8. … May 9, 1754. Thomas Nast used Cartoons to expose corruption, greed, and injustice…
9. … are the new form of political Cartoons. Do you think that this is an accurate…
10. Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, and Op-Ed Commentaries are forums where writers…
11. Editorial Cartoons (also known as political Cartoons) are visual images drawn to…

Analyzing Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, or Op-Ed Commentaries

1. … Analyzing Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, or Op-Ed Commentaries
2. … Evaluating Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, and Op-Ed Commentaries
3. … through Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, and Op-Ed Commentaries in Print and Online?
4. … Memes and TikToks as Political Cartoons
5. … writers use editorials, editorial Cartoons, and Op-Ed commentaries to argue for…
6. Like political Cartoons and comics, memes and TikToks have the potential to provide…
7. Political Cartoons and comics as well as memes and TikToks are pictures with a…
8. … evaluate editorials, editorial Cartoons, and Op-Ed commentaries requires an understanding…
9. … readers of editorials, editorial Cartoons, and Op-Ed commentaries. Critical readers…
10. … political memes, TikToks, editorial Cartoons, and political comics and then create…

References

1. … October 13). How to make comics & Cartoons: A very particular guide. New York…

Censorship

Public Service as a Career

1. … all be able to teach a unit on Censorship without being censored or otherwise retaliated…

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … the Red Scare also produced the Censorship of artists, writers, and musicians known…

Components of Local Government

1. … race theory curriculum, book Censorship, and other changes (Flux, August 14, 2021).…

Freedom of the Press

1. 2. UNCOVER: Censorship of Words and Ideas: The Campaign Against Comic Books in the…
2. … passed legislation forbidding Censorship of school newspapers unless the censored…
3. Censorship involves the “suppression of words, images or ideas” that are deemed…
4. … to be freely expressed without Censorship so people can make up their own minds…
5. … efforts to expose and oppose news Censorship from Project Censored: The News That…
6. … sued, claiming that the adults’ Censorship violated their First Amendment rights…
7. … can be threatened by political Censorship and media pressure.
8. … guarantee of freedom of expression, Censorship has a long history in this country…
9. … focused on three occasions of Censorship: 1) the campaign against comic books and…
10. … calls for greater comic book Censorship appeared widely in the 1950s following the…
11. … sponsorship, oversight, control or Censorship. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework…

References

1. Ross, C. J. (2015). Lessons in Censorship: How schools and courts subvert students’…

Census

British Influences on American Government

1. The Census Bureau reported that there were 42 million adolescents between 10…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … gain more seats. Importantly, Census-taking is far from a perfect process and…
2. … shift in only a few people in the Census count can lead to the loss or gain…
3. … of that state as determined by Census: the largest state, California has 52…
4. The 2020 Census readjusted the distribution of seats in the House, a process…

Elections and Nominations

1. … determined every ten years by the Census) plus two more for each of the state's…
2. … electoral votes. Following the 2020 Census, the states with the most electoral…

The Role of Political Parties

1. … Political Parties Today, and the 2020 Census
2. The 2020 Census and Congressional Redistricting
3. … following the results of the U.S. Census. The goal is for voting districts to…
4. … of Representatives. The latest Census data shows declines, in some cases larger…
5. The release of 2020 Census Data in August 2021 showed dramatic changes in the…

Becoming a Citizen

1. … social and economic problems. The Census Bureau reports that 46.1% of the people…
2. The first Census in 1790 listed 3.9 million people living in the country - Native…

Civic, Political, and Private Life

1. … multiple jobs just to get by. The Census Bureau has reported that about 13 million…

Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

1. … in four decades (United States Census Bureau, April 23, 2019). Turnout is often…

Components of Local Government

1. … every part of every state. The Census Bureau considers towns and cities to be…

Competing Information in a Free Press

1. … was down to 24.2 million (U.S. Census Bureau, June 7, 2022).

Evaluating Print and Online Media

1. … Duke University Reporters' Lab Census, 2020, lists some 290 fact-checking organizations…

References

1. … Retrieved from United States Census Bureau website:  https://edtechbooks.org/-HHc

Cesar Chavez

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … during the McCarthy era (1950) or Cesar Chavez's Address to the Commonweath Club of…

Cooperation Between Individuals and Elected Leaders

1. … Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955; Cesar Chavez and the National Farm Workers organized…

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. 1.3. Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, Larry Itliong, and the Delano Grape Strike and Boycott
2. … Mexican American labor activists Cesar Chavez (An American Hero: Biography of Cesar…
3. … the Scopes Evolution Trial; and Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, Larry Itliong and the…
4. … strike is a movement to create a Cesar Chavez National Holiday. Presently, Cesar Chavez…
5. … is more information about the Cesar Chavez and the Grape Strike at a resourcesforhistoryteachers…

Citizen

Introduction

1. … well as students’ roles as Citizens in a democratic society. It focuses on…
2. … how to become active, engaged Citizens committed to freedom and justice for all…

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. … Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens [Standards 8.T4.1-13]
2. Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens and Non-Citizens
3. Becoming a Citizen
4. Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

Learning Pathway: Racial Justice and Black Lives Matter

1. … Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

Learning Pathway: Influential Women

1. … Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

Learning Pathway: Student Rights

1. … Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

Learning Pathway: Current Events

1. … Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

Learning Pathway: Critical Media Literacy

1. … Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

The Government of Ancient Athens

1. … ancient Athens, it was only male Citizens who could vote that were allowed to…
2. … magistrates and juries made up of Citizens. More information about Athenian democracy…
3. … democracy experienced by common Citizens is at its lowest level since 1990. In…
4. … technologies might create new ways for Citizens to interact with political leaders…
5. … practice of ostracism allowed Citizens to vote a man into exile for ten years…
6. Only free adult men who were Citizens – about 10% of the population – could…
7. … the Freedom House report notes, Citizen protests against corruption and for environmental…
8. … elections on the Internet; Estonian Citizens can now vote online from anywhere…

The Government of the Roman Republic

1. … government and most Roman male Citizens had some voting power. Finally, there…
2. … codes set strict rules for Roman Citizens, many of which would be considered…
3. … management, and plumbing that its Citizens needed and demanded. Many Americans…
4. … religious liberty to all male Citizens of France. The United States Code is a…
5. … or "law." The English words "Citizen," "civil," "civics," and "civilization"…
6. … and the words we use to discuss Citizenship, government and politics.
7. … territory. Impoverished Roman Citizens sometimes sold their children into slavery…

Enlightenment Thinkers and Democratic Government

1. … freedom by creating a society where Citizens choose to obey laws they themselves…
2. … the proper relationship of the Citizen to the monarch or the state. They held…
3. … the Rights of Women and Female Citizen, a stirring call for the equality of women…
4. … the Rights of Women and Female Citizen (1791), a powerful call for gender equality…

Native American Influences on U.S. Government

1. … recently, there have been calls from Citizens to rename the town of Amherst itself.…
2. … Native Americans did not gain Citizenship until 1924.

The Revolutionary Era and the Declaration of Independence

1. … Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady and Citizen Activist.

The Constitutional Convention

1. … African Americans should be granted Citizenship.
2. … history, historians and everyday Citizens have the opportunity to explore the…

Debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

1. … ratification and the rights of Citizens. 
2. … governments where public debate and Citizen awareness had opportunities to influence…

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … Topic Box:  Constitution Day and Citizenship Day: September 17
2. … for a way to celebrate American Citizenship led to the creation in 1940 of “I…
3. … Independence and guaranteed to all Citizens by the Constitution?
4. Constitution Day and Citizenship Day is celebrated every September 17 to commemorate…
5. … forth the rights and freedoms of Citizens living in the United States.  

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … rights and responsibilities as Citizens of the United States?
2. … person must be a natural born Citizen of the United States, at least 35 years…
3. … cases involving states against Citizens; and cases concerning ambassadors). Original…
4. … groups of judges, or jury of Citizens who impartially decide what really happened.…

Elections and Nominations

1. In American elections, Citizens determine, by voting, who will represent them…

The Role of Political Parties

1. … Arizona along with ideas for how Citizens might go about creating their own districts…

The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

1. … Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens
2. … labor unions more than individual Citizens play powerful roles in lobbying for…
3. … Gorsuch discuss the importance of Citizenship and voting (Note: The YouTube version…
4. In the United States, both Citizens and non-Citizens have rights and responsibilities…
5. “A Citizen is a participatory member of a political community. Citizenship is…
6. … rights and responsibilities of Citizens in our democracy. It consists of 13 modules…

Becoming a Citizen

1. 2. UNCOVER: Citizenship for Puerto Ricans 
2. 1. INVESTIGATE: Becoming a Citizen Through Immigration Gateways and Ports of Entry
3. Standard 4.1: Becoming a Citizen
4. … QUESTION: How has the Meaning of Citizenship in the United States Changed Over…
5. Online Resources for Becoming a Citizen
6. … How to Become a United States Citizen
7. … Gateways, Ports of Entry, and Citizenship Histories
8. … different mirror point of view, Citizenship histories of Puerto Ricans reveals…
9. … faiths have struggled to obtain Citizenship under the nation’s changing laws…
10. … following 12 days of massive Citizen protests—the first time a governor had…
11. Who then were the first Citizens of America?
12. To become a Citizen after birth, you must:
13. Even "birthright Citizenship," the principle that anyone born in the country is…
14. … according to the test writers is the Citizens of a state, not all the people…
15. … centuries automatically became a Citizen (Museum at Eldridge Street, New York,…
16. … histories of people becoming Citizens of the United States, including the official…
17. … bloodlines in defining attribution of Citizenship at birth. However, two other…
18. The Citizenship histories of diverse Americans can be accessed at the following…
19. … how immigration is connected to Citizenship, first in terms of the laws pertaining…
20. United States Citizenship, however, is more than a set of legal principles that…
21. … green card holders can apply for Citizenship (for more information, go to I Am…
22. … Jones-Shafroth Act (1917) granted U.S. Citizenship to anyone born on the island;…
23. … together the multiple histories of Citizenship, immigration, and America's multicultural…
24. The Citizenship Test
25. Becoming a Citizen also costs money. Currently there is a $725 per person non-refundable…
26. … Administration has made changes to the Citizenship test, making it longer and…
27. … different ways one becomes a Citizen of the United States. (Massachusetts Curriculum…
28. Broadly defined, Citizenship consists of enjoying the benefits and assuming the…
29. According to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (para. 1):
30. To become a Citizen at birth, you must:

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens and Non-Citizens

1. … Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens and Non-Citizens
2. 1.INVESTIGATE: Rights of Citizens and Non-Citizens
3. … Responsibilities of United States Citizens and Non-Citizens?
4. Online Resources for the Rights of Citizens and Non-Citizens
5. … guaranteed to all Americans as Citizens are not universal for all people (even…
6. … safeguards given to United States Citizens were ignored or bypassed in the name…
7. … rights and responsibilities of Citizens as compared to non-Citizens. (Massachusetts…
8. … living in the United States are Citizens; 7% are non-Citizens (Kaiser Family…
9. What are the rights of Citizens and non-Citizens? The modules for this standard…
10. … under the Constitution apply to Citizens and non-Citizens alike.
11. In the United States, every Citizen has rights and responsibilities as a member…
12. … the people relocated were U.S. Citizens or legal permanent resident aliens.  
13. … responsibilities (obligations that Citizens are expected to perform) such as…
14. Non-Citizens, no matter what their immigration status, generally have the same…
15. Non-Citizens also have rights and responsibilities as members of American society,…

Civic, Political, and Private Life

1. … relief rebates to nearly all its Citizens (every individual earning up to $250,000).…
2. Individual Citizens also have rights in such situations. Under the 14th Amendment,…

Fundamental Principles and Values of American Political and Civic Life

1. … and the 15th Amendment gave all Citizens the right to vote regardless of race,…
2. … guaranteed rule of law to all Citizens and provided security of liberty under…
3. … the privileges or immunities of Citizens of the United States; nor shall any…
4. … The Bill of Rights protected Citizens from infringements on their rights by the…

Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

1. Standard 4.5: Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process
2. … most widely discussed form of Citizen participation. What influences Citizens…
3. … modern-day image of a solitary Citizen going behind a screen or curtain at a…
4. … obligation to be true and authentic Citizens of a community” (DemocracyPrep,…
5. … voting in 15 states (Centuries of Citizenship: A Constitutional Timeline).
6. … members, what Standard 4.5 calls “Citizen participation in the political process.”…
7. … and actively-engaged democratic Citizens? 
8. … most commonly recognized form of Citizen participation. Yet, since the first…
9. … which declared "the right of Citizens cannot be denied or abridged by the United…
10. Voting offers Citizens the opportunity to participate directly in democratic decision-making,…
11. … wiki for more information about Citizen participation in voting.
12. … Timeline (Northern California Citizenship Project, 2004), a timeline of the History…
13. … democracy provides opportunities for Citizens to participate in the political…

Election Information

1. … manipulate and control their Citizens. Democratic governments, including the…
2. … debated face-to-face, ordinary Citizens took debating classes, and debating societies…
3. … participate fully as voters, Citizens, and engaged community members?

Leadership and the Qualities of Political Leaders

1. … assumed a political role as public Citizen, and one who was elected to political…
2. … portraits, and sculptures. U.S. Citizens often instantly recognize figures in…

Cooperation Between Individuals and Elected Leaders

1. The reality of an individual Citizen being able to contact elected leaders is…
2. … representative form of democracy. Citizens vote to decide who will represent…
3. … elected leaders is a core skill for Citizens interested in expressing ideas and…
4. … for this topic examine both how Citizens, young and old, can influence their…
5. … widely favored change strategy for Citizen activists (Battle of the Wallets:…

Public Service as a Career

1. … and a philosophy of democratic Citizenship. The emergence of common schools created…

Liberty in Conflict with Equality or Authority

1. … their liberties and freedoms as Citizens of the United States.

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … politicians, journalists, and Citizens thought that homosexuals posed more of…
2. … men attacked and killed Black Citizens and took over the legally elected government…

Public and Private Interest Groups, PACs, and Labor Unions

1. Citizens United Supreme Court Decision
2. … resources to persuading voters and Citizens to support their positions on issues…
3. Critics of the Citizens United decision including 20 state legislatures, more…
4. … by politicians and interested Citizens who want to raise money for political…
5. … advertising to influence voters and Citizens.

Amendments to the Constitution

1. … spectrum from overturning the Citizens United Supreme Court decision (from progressive…

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. … slavery. They could not become Citizens. The Court further said the Missouri…

Civil Rights and Equal Protection for Race, Gender, and Disability

1. … or policies that deny American Citizens the equal right to vote based on race."…

Marbury v. Madison and the Principle of Judicial Review

1. … “regulate the enjoyment of Citizens’ civil rights solely on the basis of…

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. … significant changes over time in Citizens’ lives. (Massachusetts Curriculum…
2. … Rosenberg (2021), part of the World Citizen Comic Series.
3. … entertainers, politicians, and everyday Citizens continued kneeling at different…
4. … Amendment by preventing law-abiding Citizens with ordinary self-defense needs…

Functions of State and National Government

1. … Should More States Adopt Part-time Citizen Legislatures?
2. Online Resources for Citizen Legislatures
3. … ENGAGE asked whether part-time Citizen legislatures can more effectively represent…
4. The idea of part-time Citizen legislatures has supporters and critics. Supporters…
5. A Citizen Legislature is a government organization whose members are not full-time…

United States and Massachusetts Constitutions

1. … legacy of slavery and second-class Citizenship explains in part why African Americans…
2. … to provide education for its Citizens.
3. … and the fundamental rights of Citizens” (What is a Constitution? Principles…
4. … work as field hands. Despite Citizens’ growing opposition, slavery continued…

Core Documents: The Protection of Individual Rights

1. … these core documents promise all Citizens while also uncovering the long road…

10th Amendment to the Constitution

1. … inform, persuade, and educate Citizens about their pandemic policies?

Responsibilities of Federal, State and Local Government

1. … mandated COVID vaccinations for all Citizens, although some private employers…
2. … and arrange elections for their Citizens.  

Leadership Structure of the Massachusetts Government

1. … remain largely unknown to many Citizens, but their actions have a great impact…

Components of Local Government

1. … section, we look at three ways Citizens can become directly involved in local…
2. … individuals with disabilities, older Citizens, parents with young children, and…

Freedom of the Press

1. Journalists and Citizens have faced restrictions on the Freedom of the Press throughout…
2. … the flow of information to its Citizens. 
3. … control what information its Citizens can access online.  A firewall is a security…
4. … access to some 800 million Chinese Citizens and represents one of the greatest…

Competing Information in a Free Press

1. 3. ENGAGE: How Can Every Citizen Become Their Own Investigative Journalist?
2. … Rosenstiel declared that every Citizen must become their own investigative journalist…
3. … explored the question, Does Every Citizen Need to be Her or His Own Investigative…
4. … conditions and corrupt practices by Citizens and companies. 

Writing the News: Different Formats and Their Functions

1. … politicians, experts, and ordinary Citizens to express their views on issues…

Digital News and Social Media

1. Being an informed Citizen means knowing how to critically analyze text and media…

Evaluating Print and Online Media

1. … essential responsibility for all Citizens, including students and teachers, who…
2. … misleading information that everyday Citizens do not. Still, social media companies…

Analyzing Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, or Op-Ed Commentaries

1. Policymakers and Citizens alike must decide whether Facebook and other social…

References

1. … June 21). Why are millions of Citizens not registered to vote? Retrieved from…
2. … (2020). Population distribution by Citizenship status: 2018. Retrieved from https://edtechbooks.org/-mLbK 
3. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2013). How to become an American Citizen…
4. … Diversity, group identity and Citizenship education in a global age. Educational…
5. … school to be active, engaged Citizens: A current events response. Retrieved from…
6. Korbey, H. (2019). Building better Citizens. A new civics education for all. Lanham,…
7. … challenge.  National Conference on Citizenship. Retrieved from https://edtechbooks.org/-QzGP
8. Korbey, H. (2019). Building better Citizens: A new civic education for all. Lanham,…

citizenship

The Government of the Roman Republic

1. … and the words we use to discuss citizenship, government and politics.

Native American Influences on U.S. Government

1. … Native Americans did not gain citizenship until 1924.

The Constitutional Convention

1. … African Americans should be granted citizenship.

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … Topic Box:  Constitution Day and citizenship Day: September 17
2. … for a way to celebrate American citizenship led to the creation in 1940 of “I Am…
3. Constitution Day and citizenship Day is celebrated every September 17 to commemorate…

The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

1. … Gorsuch discuss the importance of citizenship and voting (Note: The YouTube version…
2. … member of a political community. citizenship is gained by meeting the legal requirements…

Becoming a Citizen

1. 2. UNCOVER: citizenship for Puerto Ricans 
2. … QUESTION: How has the Meaning of citizenship in the United States Changed Over Time?
3. … Gateways, Ports of Entry, and citizenship Histories
4. … different mirror point of view, citizenship histories of Puerto Ricans reveals longstanding…
5. … faiths have struggled to obtain citizenship under the nation’s changing laws and…
6. Even "birthright citizenship," the principle that anyone born in the country is automatically…
7. … immigrants had to file a petition for citizenship, be able to speak English, reside…
8. … well as less often discussed citizenship histories of indigenous peoples, Africans…
9. … bloodlines in defining attribution of citizenship at birth. However, two other tools…
10. The citizenship histories of diverse Americans can be accessed at the following resourcesforhistoryteachers…
11. … how immigration is connected to citizenship, first in terms of the laws pertaining…
12. United States citizenship, however, is more than a set of legal principles that are…
13. … green card holders can apply for citizenship (for more information, go to I Am a…
14. … Jones-Shafroth Act (1917) granted U.S. citizenship to anyone born on the island;…
15. … together the multiple histories of citizenship, immigration, and America's multicultural…
16. The citizenship Test
17. … Administration has made changes to the citizenship test, making it longer and more…
18. Broadly defined, citizenship consists of enjoying the benefits and assuming the responsibilities…
19. According to U.S. citizenship and Immigration Services (para. 1):

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens and Non-Citizens

1. … focused on the suspension of citizenship rights during the internment of Japanese…
2. … features of active and engaged citizenship in this country. 
3. … 2018, para. 6-7). Learn more: citizenship Rights and Responsibilities & Constitutional…

Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

1. … voting in 15 states (Centuries of citizenship: A Constitutional Timeline).
2. … Timeline (Northern California citizenship Project, 2004), a timeline of the History…

Public Service as a Career

1. … and a philosophy of democratic citizenship. The emergence of common schools created…

United States and Massachusetts Constitutions

1. … legacy of slavery and second-class citizenship explains in part why African Americans…

References

1. … (2020). Population distribution by citizenship status: 2018. Retrieved from https://edtechbooks.org/-mLbK 
2. U.S. citizenship and Immigration Services. (2013). How to become an American citizen…
3. … Diversity, group identity and citizenship education in a global age. Educational…
4. … challenge.  National Conference on citizenship. Retrieved from https://edtechbooks.org/-QzGP

Civil Rights

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. Civil Rights and Equal Protection for Race, Gender and Disability
2. … Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights
3. John Lewis, Congressman and Civil Rights Activist (2020)

Enlightenment Thinkers and Democratic Government

1. Katherine Johnson was a pioneer in Civil Rights as well. She was one of the first Black…

British Influences on American Government

1. … Sylvia Mendez in the struggle for Civil Rights, and the efforts of Mother Jones, Margaret…

Native American Influences on U.S. Government

1. Native American Civil Rights
2. … century to show their impact on Civil Rights legislation as well as the impact protest…
3. … report, the U.S.Commission of Civil Rights (2018) recounted the history as follows:

The Articles of Confederation

1. … African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement.

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … 1: Create an Infographic about Civil Rights 
2. … outlawing slavery was number 7; the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibited discrimination…
3. … “often set the terms of the Civil Rights debate” and “his critique of white…
4. … Americans. In the 1950s and 1960s, Civil Rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … actions by Presidents that advanced Civil Rights for Black Americans:
2. … Southern senators used it to block Civil Rights legislation. In fact, between Reconstruction…

The Role of Political Parties

1. … about the Accomplishments of the Civil Rights Movement.

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens and Non-Citizens

1. … What Individuals Who Fought for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Should Have a National…
2. To honor his fight for Civil Rights and civil liberties, Fred Korematsu Day was enacted…
3. … individuals and groups who fought for Civil Rights and civil liberties who remain…
4. … honoring those who fought for Civil Rights and civil liberties. In the early 1980s,…
5. … other individuals who fought for Civil Rights and civil liberties should have a national…
6. … Constitution’s first 10 amendments) and Civil Rights laws set forth the rights (protections…
7. … Recognition for efforts to achieve Civil Rights and civil liberties?
8. … fought to establish and preserve Civil Rights and civil liberties throughout American…

Fundamental Principles and Values of American Political and Civic Life

1. … July 9, 1868 and based on the Civil Rights Bill of 1866, the 14th Amendment had five…
2. … activities, you will explore how Civil Rights and social justice advocacy organizations…

Leadership and the Qualities of Political Leaders

1. Harvey Milk, Gay Civil Rights Leader
2. … has been called the first Black Civil Rights leader because of his opposition to slavery…
3. … resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki page, Harvey Milk, Gay Civil Rights Leader.

Cooperation Between Individuals and Elected Leaders

1. … by white supremacist groups, Civil Rights organizations including the NAACP, Color…

Public Service as a Career

1. … compelling stories of the 20th century Civil Rights Movement. In 1951, a 16-year-old…
2. … Housing Act, Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

Liberty in Conflict with Equality or Authority

1. 1. INVESTIGATE: Movements for Civil Rights in United States History
2. Exploring Civil Rights movements provides insights into how people have created change…
3. Civil Rights are the freedoms guaranteed to every American under the Constitution and…
4. … Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights, 2021).
5. … INVESTIGATE explored movements for Civil Rights by African Americans, Latinos, women,…
6. … similarly complex. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 bares employers with…
7. … question in the context in the Civil Rights movements of African Americans, women,…

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … being gay or lesbian. People’s Civil Rights and civil liberties were violated by…
2. … candidate Eugene Debs; and gay Civil Rights pioneers Bayard Rustin and Harvey Milk…
3. … the Freedmen’s Bureau; the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was passed; Black schools and…
4. … resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki page for the Latino Civil Rights Movement.

The Role of Political Protest

1. Standing Up for Freedom Civil Rights Protests Choice Board
2. … Since the 1960s, for example, Civil Rights has been embraced by the Democratic Party,…
3. … Hughes, Poet, Playwright and Civil Rights Activist.
4. … post-World War II African American Civil Rights Movement. Nonviolence, he said, “is…
5. … against the War in Vietnam and for Civil Rights for African Americans at home. Rock…

The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

1. … individuals with disabilities to gain Civil Rights and civil liberties in our nation's…

Amendments to the Constitution

1. … dollars being spent on abortion, Civil Rights for same sex couples, women being drafted…
2. … of speech, the right to vote, Civil Rights for African Americans and women, and Prohibition…

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. … Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights
2. … by Black Americans to achieve Civil Rights and constitutional freedoms in American…
3. … Civil War and its impacts on Civil Rights through the lens of newspapers and advertisements:
4. … in women’s suffrage or the Civil Rights movement. Five Presidents and two founding…
5. … heroes out of people who opposed Civil Rights while neglecting those who fought to…
6. … governmental power and individual Civil Rights. 
7. … federal government and individual Civil Rights. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework…
8. … milestone in the struggle for Civil Rights.

Civil Rights and Equal Protection for Race, Gender, and Disability

1. Standard 5.4: Civil Rights and Equal Protection for Race, Gender, and Disability
2. … Laws Passed by Congress Expanded Civil Rights and Equal Protections for Race, Gender,…
3. … Race -- INVESTIGATE: The 1964 Civil Rights Law and Voting Rights Act of 1965
4. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
5. … Congress that have expanded the Civil Rights and equal protection for race, gender…
6. … that the Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act banned employment discrimination based…
7. … Classrooms in 1953/Birmingham Civil Rights MuseumImage on Wikimedia Commons by Alacoolwiki,…
8. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first federal law to declare equal rights under…
9. … Education Department's Office of Civil Rights found that a state of Connecticut policy…
10. … passed by Congress that expanded Civil Rights for people of color, women, and individuals…
11. … roots in Title IX, a landmark Civil Rights law prohibiting discrimination based on…
12. … disabilities have struggled to gain Civil Rights and receive equal protection under…
13. The 1964 Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion,…
14. … efforts by Congress to ensure Civil Rights for Americans as shown in the following…
15. Learn more about the Civil Rights Act of 1964 from the Wisconsin Historical Society.
16. … bill designed to amend the 1964 Civil Rights Act by banning discrimination based…
17. … milestone achievement in the Civil Rights struggle by individuals with disabilities…
18. … in Masterpiece Cakeshop, LTD v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission that a baker can…
19. The 1964 Civil Rights Law and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 are two of the most important…
20. … Disabilities Act (ADA) is a “Civil Rights law that prohibits discrimination against…

Marbury v. Madison and the Principle of Judicial Review

1. … the enjoyment of citizens’ Civil Rights solely on the basis of race”); Oliver…

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. … had enormous implications for Civil Rights in the country. It preceded the Brown v.…

Freedom of the Press

1. … had run an advertisement from Civil Rights groups that included charges about police…

Competing Information in a Free Press

1. … particularly through its advocacy for Civil Rights, voting rights, school desegregation,…

References

1. Longely, R. (2019, July 3). What are Civil Rights? Definition and examples. ThoughtCo.…
2. U.S. Commission of Civil Rights. (2018, December). Broken promises: Continuing federal…

Civil War

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil…

The Government of the Roman Republic

1. … the American South before the Civil War. ENGAGE asked what Latin words and phrases…
2. … the American South before the Civil War. In the Jamaican Slave Uprising of 1760-61,…
3. … United States before and after the Civil War.

Native American Influences on U.S. Government

1. … Confederate monuments from the Civil War?

The Articles of Confederation

1. … throughout U.S. history, including the Civil War over slavery, Franklin Roosevelt's…

The Constitutional Convention

1. … concluded that “right up to the Civil War, the management of the government was…

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … African American life in the post-Civil War United States. He drew his graphics…

Checks and Balances Between the Branches of Government

1. … states in her study of the post-Civil War trial of Andrew Johnson, each case demonstrates…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … Lincoln famously conducted the Civil War with a "team of rivals" (Goodwin, 2006).
2. … the filibuster began after the Civil War when White Southern senators used it to…

The Role of Political Parties

1. … seceded from the Union and the Civil War began.
2. Since just before the Civil War, American politics has been dominated by “two…
3. … emergence in the years before the Civil War.

Becoming a Citizen

1. … taken time, protests, and the Civil War to expand the boundaries of who could become…
2. At the time of the Civil War, the nation’s population was nearly 31.5 million…

Fundamental Principles and Values of American Political and Civic Life

1. … Amendment was one of three post-Civil War Amendments to the Constitution, the others…
2. … characterized the three post-Civil War amendments as “sleeping giants . . . that…
3. It was not until after the Civil War that equality was deliberately addressed in…

Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

1. … voting) first began during the Civil War when both Union and Confederate soldiers…

Election Information

1. … Convention. In the decades before the Civil War, candidates debated face-to-face,…

Public Service as a Career

1. After the Civil War, many educators promoted education for former slaves and their…
2. … slaves. During the years before the Civil War, a small number of slaves would learn…

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … of the Fraught Years After the Civil War) The sharp contrasts of the Reconstruction…
2. … that lasted from the end of the Civil War to about 1890 (Cozzens, 2016).
3. … Reconstruction years after the Civil War." Following the election defeat of Donald…
4. … period between the end of the Civil War and 1877.

Public and Private Interest Groups, PACs, and Labor Unions

1. In the decades after the Civil War, Pullman employed former slaves as porters at…
2. … labor actions from before the Civil War (African Americans and the American Labor…

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. … Legacy of the Slavery and the Civil War Today?
2. … Volunteer Regiment during the Civil War, and Juneteenth National Independence Day
3. … Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil…
4. Media Literacy Connections: Civil War News Stories and Recruitment Advertisements
5. … Volunteer Regiment During the Civil War
6. … Volunteer Regiment During the Civil War
7. … to fight for the Union in the Civil War with the formation of the Massachusetts…
8. The Civil War cost the lives of more Americans than all the nation’s other wars…
9. … explore different dimensions of the Civil War and its impacts on civil rights through…
10. … in the Union Army during the Civil War. But at first they were denied the right…
11. … historian Stephen B. Oates called the Civil War the "great central experience" of…
12. … the resourcesforhistoryteachers Events Leading to the Civil War wiki page.
13. The Civil War happened in a country where the Constitution promised to “secure…
14. The Civil War is at the center of the constitutional history of the United States.…
15. In many ways, the Civil War is still with us as a nation today. Black Americans…
16. … the fundamental cause of the Civil War. Northern Abolitionists sought to abolish…
17. … generations have passed and the “Civil War is still with us,” declared historian…
18. … policies and events leading to the Civil War generally include the following taken…
19. … Constitutional issues that caused the Civil War and led to the eventual expansion…
20. The Civil War happened in the world’s largest slaveholding country at the time…
21. … that led to the coming of the Civil War to help understand why that war was fought…

Civil Rights and Equal Protection for Race, Gender, and Disability

1. … 15th Amendments following the Civil War. 

Enumerated and Implied Powers

1. … times in U.S. history from the Civil War to 1973. The U.S. military has been an…

Writing the News: Different Formats and Their Functions

1. … newspaper at the time of the Civil War, reported on the activities of African American…
2. … covered fighting in the Spanish Civil War, World War II, Vietnam, the Middle East…

References

1. … soul from the Revolution to the Civil War. New York: Penguin Books.
2. … Thomas Morris Chester, Black Civil War correspondent: His dispatches from the Virginia…
3. … The second founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction remade the Constitution.…
4. … African Americans on the eve of the Civil War. Bowdoin College. Retrieved from…
5. … (2020). How the South won the Civil War: Oligarchy, democracy, and the continuing…
6. … (1988). Battle cry of freedom: The Civil War era. New York: Oxford University Press.

Climate change

Introduction

1. … COVID-19 pandemic, accelerating Climate change, widespread economic inequality, long-denied…

Debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

1. … Massachusetts v. EPA (2006), a landmark Climate change case where the Supreme Court…
2. … Tracker from the Sabin Center for Climate change at Columbia University School of Law.

The Role of Political Parties

1. … efforts against racial injustice, Climate change, and poverty while seeking to expand…
2. … discrimination, create racial equity, fight Climate change; and wear masks to curb the…

Cooperation Between Individuals and Elected Leaders

1. … schoolchildren have joined those strikes (Climate change Activist Greta Thunberg, 16,…

Functions of State and National Government

1. … human-caused disasters in this time of Climate change with its accompanying severe weather…

Responsibilities of Federal, State and Local Government

1. … in How Plastics Contribute to Climate change, Bauman, 2019, para. 2). The creation,…
2. … Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change, agree that urgent governmental action—nationally,…
3. … governments, are concerned about Climate change and global warming. A 2018 study by…
4. … one place to begin addressing Climate change.

Congress

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. The Roles of Congress, the President, and the Courts
2. John Lewis, Congressman and Civil Rights Activist (2020)

The Government of the Roman Republic

1. … many laws there are (Library of Congress, March 13, 2013).

Enlightenment Thinkers and Democratic Government

1. … must always work together with Congress. This is a legacy of Montesquieu's political…

British Influences on American Government

1. … 16-year-olds or 17-year-olds to vote in Congressional or presidential primaries.…
2. … elected. The crew functioned like Congress and as a jury. The quartermaster served…
3. Massachusetts Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley has introduced legislation allowing…

Native American Influences on U.S. Government

1. … school curriculums. The National Congress of American Indians has reported that…

The Revolutionary Era and the Declaration of Independence

1. … and adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence…

The Articles of Confederation

1. Members of Congress represented states, not people, and each state had one vote.…
2. Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, was relatively powerless. It could…
3. … "even though the Continental Congress had no standing to resolve disputes between…
4. … Pennsylvania delegate to the Continental Congress, wrote the first draft, using…
5. … Issues Affecting Deployment, Congressional Research Service, June 3, 2019).
6. … "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" under the Articles of Confederation.…

The Constitutional Convention

1. … government, representation in Congress, the rights of individuals, and the issue…
2. … three-fifths of a person for Congressional representation and taxes. While some…
3. … Senator Jeff Merkley and Georgia Congresswoman Nikema Williams introduced the…
4. … determining representation in Congress. Disagreement over this question led to…

Debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

1. … seminal book Silent Spring (1962), Congress passed the Clean Air Acts of 1963,…

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … of Louisville, Ohio petitioned Congress to establish September 17 as the official…
2. … become citizens” (Library of Congress; 36 USC 106: Constitution Day and Citizenship…
3. … Madison and the other members of Congress spread the word about the Bill of Rights…

Institutions of United States Government

1. … government are the legislature (Congress), the executive (President), and judiciary…

Branches of the Government and the Separation of Powers

1. … political parties would gain votes in Congress (most experts agree that voters…
2. … first Black woman elected to Congress. In 1972, she became the first Black person…
3. … State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person…
4. … that position. When she ran for Congress, her campaign slogan was “unbought…
5. … eastern Oklahoma that failed when Congress refused to consider statehood bills;…
6. … Branches and Standard 3: Roles of Congress, the President, and the Courts.
7. … non-voting representative in Congress; the District of Columbia has 3 electoral…
8. Shirley Chisholm, Congresswoman from New York (1965) "Shirley Chisholm NYWTS"…
9. … in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.…
10. … granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist…

Checks and Balances Between the Branches of Government

1. The two houses of Congress (Senate and House of Representatives) also have checks…
2. … and Article 2: Obstruction of Congress (READ: Articles of Impeachment Against…
3. … independent of the legislative branch (Congress in the U.S.). Parliamentary systems…
4. … powers does the President and the Congress have to conduct wars, and for what…
5. … to release his tax records to Congressional committees or federal prosecutors…
6. … President Trump appeared to withhold Congressionally-approved military aid to…
7. While the Constitution gives Congress the sole power to declare war and raise and…
8. … advisors do not have to disclose to Congress or the courts documents, testimonies…
9. … the Constitution states that Congress has the power to declare war and raise and…
10. … compete with numerous actors — Congress, the courts, interest groups, political…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … QUESTION: What are the Roles of Congress, the President, and the Courts in the…
2. Standard 3.3:  The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts
3. Congressional Committees and Caucuses
4. … Literacy Connections: Members of Congress' Use of Social Media
5. Who Runs for Congress?
6. Women of Color in Congress
7. The Congress in U.S. Government Choice Board
8. Congress Soars to New Heights on Social Media declared the Pew Research Center…
9. … exploration of how members of Congress use social media:
10. … the President (executive), the Congress (legislative), and the Supreme Court (judicial). UNCOVER…
11. 2. INVESTIGATE: Congress, the House of Representatives, and the Senate
12. … men" of the Supreme Court, asked Congress to appoint six new justices to the Court,…
13. … brief overview, visit “How Congress Works” from Michigan Congressman Tim Walberg.
14. Who is currently in Congress?
15. … of the work done by members of Congress happens in committees and caucuses. Committees…
16. … government - commonly referred to as Congress, the President, and the Federal…
17. … enforcing the laws passed by Congress, or if so decided, vetoing laws passed by…
18. … conducts the meetings. In the 118th Congress (January 3, 2023 to January 5, 2025)…
19. When the 117th Congress convenes in 2021, there will be 142 (or more depending…
20. … President Kamala Harris, the 117th Congress will have the highest number of women…
21. Explore the role and powers of Congress in the system of checks and balances in…
22. … which make up the United States Congress. Congress has authority to make and enact…
23. … meaning "to meet together" and in Congress it refers to informal groups of senators…
24. A place in Congress has been a long time coming for women of color. Patsy Mink…
25. … mandatory retirement ages; 3) Congress passing legislation restricting what areas…
26. “The Congress in U.S. Government” 2021 Choice Board by Robert W. Maloy, Ed.D.…
27. … White women in being elected to Congress?
28. Most candidates for Congress are:
29. … the median worth of members of Congress was just over $1 million (Majority of…
30. The Changing Face of Congress in 8 Charts, Pew Research Research (February 7, 2023)…

Elections and Nominations

1. … Elections: Policy Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service).
2. … Yet, only the states and the Congress have the constitutional authority to postpone…
3. … for the 2016 Presidential and Congressional elections was over six billion dollars…
4. … compromise between those who wanted Congress to choose the President and those…
5. … the President and members of Congress that make it less democratic, features that…
6. … Trump had won Nebraska’s Second Congressional District (Biden won 2 of the state’s…

The Role of Political Parties

1. The 2020 Census and Congressional Redistricting
2. … in legislative gridlock, where Congress and even some state legislatures are unable…
3. … parties. We often refer to states or Congressional election districts as red (Republican)…
4. … since states must redraw their Congressional districts every 10 years to determine…
5. … candidates for President, members of Congress, and many state and local positions.…
6. … member of a political party (Congressional and Presidential Primaries: Open, Closed,…
7. … stars, 246 purple hearts, and one Congressional Medal of Honor.

Becoming a Citizen

1. … control the flow after World War I, Congress passed national-origins quotas in…
2. … and Latin America. Initially, Congress allowed immigration numbers to rise, but…
3. … Korea, and Vietnam and received a Congressional Gold Medal in 2016. Sonia Sotomayor,…

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens and Non-Citizens

1. … was not officially condemned by Congress till 2011. Here is a detailed summary…
2. … Williamson" by Ansel AdamsLibrary of Congress's Prints and Photographs Division…

Civic, Political, and Private Life

1. … just 23.5% of female members of Congress (Thornton, 2019).
2. … people out of work, members of Congress including then Senator Kamala Harris and…

Fundamental Principles and Values of American Political and Civic Life

1. … Bingham, a now mostly forgotten Congressman from Ohio, wrote these famous words…
2. … representatives to a ruling body (the Congress) who acts on behalf of the people's…

Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

1. … voting bills are being debated in Congress, since the 2020 election (based in…
2. … African Americans, Library of Congress). 
3. … Native Americans, Library of Congress). The 26th Amendment established the right…
4. … bills have been introduced in Congress following the 2020 Presidential election…
5. … the processes of Elections for Congress and President can be found in Topic 3.4…
6. In Congressional votes in 2021, both were unanimously supported by Democrats and…

Election Information

1. Congress of Industrial Organizations poster by Ben Shahn (1946)Library of Congress…

Leadership and the Qualities of Political Leaders

1. … Instagram) endorsed two Democratic Congressional candidates - one candidate won…

Cooperation Between Individuals and Elected Leaders

1. 1. INVESTIGATE: Contacting Congress
2. Online Resources for Contacting Congress
3. … is quite different. Members of Congress receive enormous amounts of correspondence…
4. … can use to go about contacting Congress. UNCOVER explored modern day and historical…
5. Once Congress installed its first telephone switchboard in 1898, people started…
6. … difficulties of contacting members of Congress, many people consider consumer…
7. What is it like to be a Congresswoman or Congressman? Here is one view of A Day…
8. … distinguishes between how members of Congress think about constituent services…

Liberty in Conflict with Equality or Authority

1. In 1993, the United States Congress passed a resolution formally apologizing to…
2. … United States, an action for which Congress formally apologized a century later.…

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … democratic norms. Members of Congress, their staffs, reporters, and other media…
2. … appearance on ABC's This Week, Congressman Bennie Thompson (D-MS), chair of the…
3. … by displacing the power of the Congress to certify the election" (2021, para.…
4. … attacked the nation's Capitol as Congress was meeting to certify the results of…
5. … M. Highsmith from a Library of Congress collection
6. … investigations (Menard, 2020, p. 73). Congress followed with hearings by the House…

The Role of Political Protest

1. … 1946 to 1948 from the Library of Congress/Public Domain

Public and Private Interest Groups, PACs, and Labor Unions

1. Members of Congress and Political Donors
2. … money usually wins in races for Congress (Koerth, 2018). But the story is more…
3. … for office. A typical member of Congress has a median income of $1.1 million (Senator:…
4. … PAC was formed in 1944 by the Congress of Industrial Organizations (a labor union…
5. … $4,124,304,874 for all the races for Congress. $1.2 million was the average amount…
6. … Photography by Jack Delano/Library of Congress | Public Domain
7. … suspending donations to members of the Congress who voted against certifying the…
8. … legislatures, more than 260 members of Congress, and millions of individual citizens…
9. … to candidates for President, Congress, or national political parties.
10. … shopping. President Biden urged Congress to pass legislation that would settle…

The Necessary and Proper Clause

1. … Constitution, the framers gave Congress both defined and assumed powers. "Defined"…
2. "The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and…
3. … necessary and proper clause states Congress can make the laws needed to carry…
4. … Sebelius, the Supreme Court said Congress could not use the necessary and proper…

Amendments to the Constitution

1. … amendments are introduced in Congress every year. They range across the political…
2. … was not ratified until 1992. Congress would need to vote to void its earlier deadline…
3. … until 1972 when it was passed by Congress and sent to the states for ratification.…

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. … died, and a dozen were awarded Congressional Medals of Honor. In addition to heroism…
2. … Compromiser,” Henry Clay served in Congress for nearly 40 years, in both the…
3. … passenger” (quoted in Library of Congress, nd). 

Civil Rights and Equal Protection for Race, Gender, and Disability

1. … QUESTION: How Have Laws Passed by Congress Expanded Civil Rights and Equal Protections…
2. … substantially weakened until Congress sets a new standard for determining discrimination,…
3. … significance of laws passed by Congress that have expanded the civil rights and…
4. … from United States Library of Congress’s Prints and Photographs Division, Public…
5. … late 20th century laws passed by Congress that expanded civil rights for people…
6. … protection under the law. Actions by Congress to address discrimination and injustice…
7. … will investigate how members of Congress took to Twitter to discuss, promote,…
8. … have been periodic efforts by Congress to ensure civil rights for Americans as…

Marbury v. Madison and the Principle of Judicial Review

1. … President Barack Obama signed a Congress-passed apology for the Trail of Tears…
2. … final say in deciding whether Congressional legislation is constitutional.
3. … constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. In other decisions, including McCulloch…

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. … Court's right-to-carry decision, Congress passed, and President Joe Biden signed,…
2. … of the late 1700s, approved by Congress as our anthem in 1931, played routinely…
3. … of the Constitution states; "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment…
4. Presently, Congress is considering the Cameras in the Courtroom Act, introduced…
5. … Pledge was formally adopted by Congress in 1942, but the phrase "under God" was…

Functions of State and National Government

1. “The Congress shall have the power to . . . regulate commerce with foreign nations,…
2. … States: An Introduction, National Congress of American Indians, 2019).
3. … 2014 convention of the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), which stated…
4. … proposal was never voted on by Congress. Instead, Oklahoma which had been formerly…

Enumerated and Implied Powers

1. … Workers and the Implied Powers of Congress
2. … Franklin Roosevelt proposed, and Congress passed, the Fair Labor Standards Act…
3. … and a navy. Article I states Congress has the power “to provide for the common…
4. … powers of the government function. Congress has the explicit power "to raise and…
5. … wage laws are an example of both Congress and state governments using their implied…
6. … multiple debates surrounding what Congress should do with its implied powers regarding…
7. … the “Elastic Clause”) gives Congress implied powers; that is powers not named…
8. … the 18 direct powers given to Congress are the power to levy and collect taxes,…

Core Documents: The Protection of Individual Rights

1. Passed by Congress in 1996, the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) defined marriage…

10th Amendment to the Constitution

1. … and proper clause that states Congress can make the laws needed to perform its…
2. … COVID-19 from the Library of Congress.

Additional Provisions of the Massachusetts Constitution

1. … "law enforcement officers" or "Congressmen" or "Members of Congress" or if they…

Responsibilities of Federal, State and Local Government

1. … Impose Vaccination Requirements, Congressional Research Service, May 22, 2019).
2. Can the President or Congress enact a nationwide mask mandate? The independent…

Tax-Supported Facilities and Services

1. … office, 1920(Credit: Library of Congress/Public Domain)
2. The Constitution gives Congress the power to tax and spend, otherwise known as…
3. … President and approved by the Congress).  Military spending now accounts for…

Freedom of the Press

1. “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting…

Competing Information in a Free Press

1. … newspapers at the Library of Congress Chronciling America site to find papers…
2. … frequency on which members of Congress appear on cable and broadcast news, researchers…
3. … employee, who appeared before a Congressional committee to add details to the…

Writing the News: Different Formats and Their Functions

1. An exhibit from the Library of Congress noted how political or editorial cartoons…
2. … newspaper in 1919 (Library of Congress: An Illustrated Guide/Prints and Photographs).

Digital News and Social Media

1. … December 31, 2018). Members of Congress, on average, have six different social…
2. … Facebook, Google, and Twitter said in Congressional testimony on November 1, 2017.…
3. … adversaries in Mueller's office and in Congress."

Evaluating Print and Online Media

1. … History and Constitutional Issues, Congressional Research Service, July 13, 2011).…

References

1. Library of Congress (nd). Tubman’s early years and escape from slavery. Retrieved…
2. … Jill) Robinson effect: Why do Congresswomen outperform Congressmen? Retrieved…
3. … (2017, February 26). What calling Congress achieves. The New Yorker. Retrieved…

Conservative

Introduction

1. … individualism by the Republican Party and Conservative media outlets like Fox News.…

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. Conservative political groups and Republicans tend to define rights as individual rights…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … along ideological lines, with Conservative justices and Conservative viewpoints prevailing…
2. … Republicans, progressives and Conservatives, it is hard to get 60 votes on any but…
3. … same-sex marriage (upsetting Conservative and religious groups), and is continuing…
4. … of the Court's steady set of Conservative rulings on issues facing workers, people…

The Role of Political Parties

1. … corporate elites and socially Conservative white working class voters who have partly…
2. … increasingly more divisive; and "Conservative and liberal have become almost perfect…
3. The resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki page, The Conservative Movement in American…

Cooperation Between Individuals and Elected Leaders

1. … recent consumer boycotts. In 2019, Conservative groups called for a boycott of Dick’s…
2. … engaged -- and invested in -- Conservative causes."

Public Service as a Career

1. … common template developed by Conservative political organizations.

Amendments to the Constitution

1. … Amendment’s federal income tax (from Conservative groups).
2. … become a part of the Constitution. Conservative and Christian activists, notably Phyllis…

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. … through all aspects of society. Conservative white politicians in red states seek…

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. … candidates known as Movement Conservatives -- individuals from the wing of the Republican…

Functions of State and National Government

1. … division of American politics. Conservative politicians have resisted using government…

Additional Provisions of the Massachusetts Constitution

1. However, Conservative groups object to changing pronouns in documents and in everyday…

Components of Local Government

1. … well-funded groups are encouraging Conservative-minded individuals to run for local…

Competing Information in a Free Press

1. … (Democrats, Republicans, progressives, Conservatives). The same event is likely to…

Evaluating Print and Online Media

1. … Doctrine coincided with the rise of Conservative talk radio. Unrestrained by norms…
2. … learn more by listening to How Conservative Talk Radio Transformed American Politics,…
3. … over 65-years-old and those with Conservative political views shared considerably…

Analyzing Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, or Op-Ed Commentaries

1. … associated with a politically Conservative, pro-Donald Trump news publisher, The Epoch…

Constitution

Introduction

1. … Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, is that all people are created equal…

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. United States and Massachusetts Constitutions
2. Amendments to the Constitution
3. Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights
4. Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil…
5. … Provisions of the Massachusetts Constitution
6. 10th Amendment to the Constitution
7. The Constitutional Convention
8. TOPIC 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court [Standards 8.T5.1-6]

Learning Pathway: Racial Justice and Black Lives Matter

1. Topic 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

Learning Pathway: Influential Women

1. Topic 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

Learning Pathway: Student Rights

1. Topic 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

Learning Pathway: Current Events

1. Topic 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

Learning Pathway: Critical Media Literacy

1. Topic 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

The Philosophical Foundations of the United States Political System

1. … Independence or the United States Constitution, democracy is the foundation for government…
2. … Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the structure of U.S. government.…

The Government of Ancient Athens

1. … Council of 500). There was a Constitution and an assumption of the rule of law presided…
2. … rights, c) legislative bodies, d) Constitution writing, d) rule of law. (Massachusetts…
3. … rights violated the Maryland state Constitution that sets the legal voting age in…

The Government of the Roman Republic

1. In drafting the Constitution and envisioning a democratic society for the United States,…

Enlightenment Thinkers and Democratic Government

1. The Constitutional Rights Foundation has characterized Locke as a “reluctant” democrat…
2. … Montesquieu was inspired by Britain's Constitutional monarchy, England during the…
3. … Revolution and the framers of the U.S. Constitution.
4. The idea of a Constitutional government with three separate branches of the state would…
5. Locke supported England's Constitutional monarchy and promoted democratic governments…
6. … England's Glorious Revolution and Constitutional Monarchy, Montesquieu believed that…
7. … all the people would govern” (Constitutional Rights Foundation, 2019, para. 10).…

British Influences on American Government

1. … exceptions. New Jersey’s first Constitution in 1776 gave voting rights to “all…
2. … only ceremonial functions in Constitutional democracies.
3. … Section 4, Clause VIII from the Constitution. Why do you think the Founders wanted…
4. … Declaration of Independence or the Constitution, it offers another historical example…
5. … (Who Voted in Early America? Constitutional Rights Foundation 1991).  
6. … 1971, the 26th Amendment to the Constitution gives 18-year-olds the right to vote…

Native American Influences on U.S. Government

1. … The Great Law of Peace was the Constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy. Here is the…
2. … influence the writers of the U.S. Constitution, and in so doing, shape the governmental…
3. … achieve equal rights under the Constitution. They were the last racial group to gain…
4. … Iroquois Confederacy’s unwritten Constitution, included rules of democratic self-government…
5. … Confederacy). However, none of the Constitutions of the 13 colonies included First…
6. … Iroquois Democracy & the U.S. Constitution, a website with learning plans from Portland…
7. … other founders as they wrote the Constitution. The founders adopted the Iroquois nation's…

The Development of the United States Government

1. … Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights—as well as the…
2. How did the framers of the Constitution attempt to address issues of power and freedom…

The Revolutionary Era and the Declaration of Independence

1. … law. It is the United States Constitution that “establishes the shape of government,…

The Articles of Confederation

1. … Rebellion and the Coming of the Constitution
2. … 10 Reasons Why America's First Constitution Failed from the National Constitution…
3. … an elected legislature and a Constitution with a Bill of Rights. The Northwest Ordinance…
4. … Rebellion led to the convening of the Constitutional Convention and the writing of…
5. … and the Articles ended when the Constitutional Convention was convened in 1787.
6. … the sovereign states, than a Constitution" (pp. 97-88). Here is the text of the Articles.
7. … Union were the nation’s first Constitution and established its first central government.…
8. … Rebellion in the writing of the new Constitution. ENGAGE used the example of modern-day…
9. … never fully addressed by the Constitution and it has remained ever-present throughout…
10. … Shays’ Rebellion) leading to the Constitutional Convention. (Massachusetts Curriculum…
11. … Confederation and the writing of the U.S. Constitution. The activity asks you to investigate…

The Constitutional Convention

1. 2.UNCOVER: Thomas Jefferson's Draft Constitution (1776) and Thurgood Marshall's Bicentennial…
2. 3.ENGAGE: Is a Federal Constitutional Amendment Needed to Abolish Slavery as a Punishment…
3. … the Major Compromises at the Constitutional Convention and how Have They Impacted…
4. Standard 2.3:  The Constitutional Convention
5. Online Resources for the Constitutional Convention
6. Slavery and the Constitution
7. … website). However, in his Draft Constitution for Virginia of 1776 (never debated and…
8. Mural of the Constitutional Convention at the United States Capitol"The Constitutional…
9. … debates and compromises of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. INVESTIGATE examined…
10. … resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki page Constitutional Convention and the Founders.
11. … in Philadelphia to begin the Constitutional Convention. Ranging in age from 26 (New…
12. At the outset of the Constitutional Convention, delegates were divided over how much…
13. … connections between slavery and the Constitution.
14. Identify the various leaders of the Constitutional Convention and analyze the major…
15. … federal law extends back to the Constitutional Convention's debates about the slave…
16. … Hawaii. Marshall stated that the Constitution was “defective from the start.”
17. Although the 13th Amendment to the Constitution abolished slavery in 1865, it did so…
18. … Abolition Amendment to the federal Constitution, prohibiting the use of slavery and…
19. … the text of the document, the Constitution, in Marshall’s mind, provided important…
20. At the Constitutional Convention, delegates debated whether slaves should be counted…
21. … history-shaping developments of the Constitutional Convention and its key compromises:…
22. … slavery, what impact would a federal Constitutional amendment have on people's historical…
23. The men who wrote in the Constitution's Preamble that "we the people" seek to "form…
24. … of American government at the Constitutional Convention - has been perpetuated throughout…
25. … states choose to change their Constitutions or is a federal Constitutional amendment…

Debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

1. … Federalists believed that the Constitution would create a needed change in the structure…
2. During the writing of the Constitution, Federalists and Anti-Federalists offered sharply…
3. … the ratification of the U.S. Constitution is known for the sharp divide it created…
4. … Federalist supporters of the Constitution included James Madison, Alexander Hamilton,…
5. … at: "Observations on the new Constitution, and on the foederal and state conventions.…
6. While men did the writing of the Constitution, the voices of women were heard in the…
7. The Anti-Federalists feared the Constitution would create a central government that…
8. … states, ratification of the new Constitution just barely happened. The Massachusetts…
9. … Anti-Federalist opponent of the Constitution. Like other anti-federalists, her opposition…
10. The new Constitution was finally approved on June 21, 1788 when New Hampshire became…
11. … Anti-Federalists over ratification of the Constitution (e.g., federalism, factions,…
12. … significant opposition to the new Constitution and its approval was very much in doubt…
13. … Articles of Confederation, the Constitution was proposed, created, and sent to the…

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … What are the Articles of the Constitution and What Rights are in the Bill of Rights?
2. 1.INVESTIGATE: The Articles of the Constitution and the Many Bills of Rights in United…
3. Standard 2.5:  Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights
4. Special Topic Box:  Constitution Writing Around the Globe
5. Online Resources for the Constitution
6. Special Topic Box:  Constitution Day and Citizenship Day: September 17
7. As you learn about the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, ask what rights do Americans…
8. The idea for a Constitution Day began in 1939 with the newspaper publisher William…
9. … you: Constitute: The World's Constitutions to Read, Search and Compare that includes…
10. … Independence was first, followed by the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, the Louisiana…
11. The Constitution set forth the following primary ideas about government (Six Big Ideas…
12. … guaranteed to all citizens by the Constitution?
13. The U.S. Constitution is not the country’s only Constitution - each state has its…
14. "Laws govern people; Constitutions govern governments," noted historian Jill Lepore…
15. Haitian Constitution of 1801 and the Haitian Constitution of 1805 offer a fascinating…
16. … drafted and adopted their own Constitutions. These Constitutions stressed the rights…
17. Constitution Day and Citizenship Day is celebrated every September 17 to commemorate…
18. The Interactive Constitution website from the National Constitution Center has videos,…
19. The first 10 amendments to the Constitution known as the Bill of Rights consists of…
20. … first ten amendments to the U. S. Constitution—the Bill of Rights—set forth the…
21. Comparing and contrasting state Constitutions at the time of the American Revolution…
22. The writing of a Constitution, as historian Linda Colley shows in her book The Gun,…
23. The Constitution of the United States has a Preamble and seven articles:
24. … Colley's view, propelled the Constitution writing process across the globe: 1) the…
25. … links to the Pennsylvania State Constitution of 1776 (widely regarded as the most…
26. On Constitution Day, it is expected that every educational institution, including K-12…
27. … Preamble and each Article in the Constitution, and the Rights Enumerated in the Bill…
28. … examining the articles of the Constitution and the text of the Bill of Rights, the…
29. "Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States"by Howard Chandler Christy…
30. The Constitution establishes the legal and structural framework of the United States…
31. … Declaration of Independence and the Constitution

Branches of the Government and the Separation of Powers

1. … Annenberg Public Policy Center's Constitution Day Civics Survey found that fewer than…
2. … implications for American politics. Constitutionally, such a state would automatically…
3. … the first three articles of the Constitution:
4. The above Articles of the Constitution are intended to establish three co-equal branches…
5. … the first three articles of the Constitution. UNCOVER told the story of Shirley Chisholm,…

Checks and Balances Between the Branches of Government

1. … Republic of North Korea. Its Constitution states the country is a "dictatorship of…
2. Constitutional and legal scholars agree that impeachment in the United States is a…
3. While the Constitution gives Congress the sole power to declare war and raise and support…
4. … have resolved the fundamental Constitutional question: Was "impeachment to be understood…
5. … those given to the office by the Constitution and those a President gains from what…
6. … inclusion in the United States Constitution, notes Constitutional scholar Frank O.…
7. … given to the President by the Constitution combined with the ways a person in that…
8. … the military and although the Constitution states that Congress has the power to declare…
9. … Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution, “a President, Vice President and all…
10. The Constitution established a systems of checks and balances so that no part of the…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … as the court-packing plan. A Constitutional crisis ensued that was averted only when…
2. … not formerly included in the Constitution (the idea was explicitly rejected at the…
3. … facing delinquency hearings have a Constitutional right to an attorney as well as…
4. Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution sets the requirements for someone to become…
5. … tradition of the Senate, but not a Constitutional requirement, the filibuster began…
6. Following the 20th Amendment of the Constitution, Presidents of the United States take…
7. … maintaining what the American Constitution Society has termed the "gavel gap" (Women's…
8. … under the 14th Amendment of the Constitution.
9. … interpreting the law, determining the Constitutionality of that law, and then applying…
10. … every 10 years. Based on the Constitution, every state has at least one seat. The…
11. … result of a compromise at the Constitutional Convention to protect the interests of…

Elections and Nominations

1. … states and the Congress have the Constitutional authority to postpone voting or the…
2. … Although it has not been done, it is Constitutionally possible for states to change…
3. … history. It was created at the Constitutional Convention as a compromise between those…

The Role of Political Parties

1. … Rally Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention 1970" | Public Domain
2. … Democrat, Southern Democrat, and Constitutional Union parties. Following Lincoln’s…
3. By law, under the Constitution, state legislatures must divide their state into voting…
4. … with debates over the federal Constitution of 1787 between the Federalists (led by…
5. … parties: America First, Communist, Constitution, Labor and Veterans.
6. … Green Party in 22 states; and the Constitution Party in 15 states.
7. … the Green Party, Reform Party, Constitution Party, Natural Law Party, and the Libertarian…

The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

1. … Declaration of Independence and the Constitution (see Topic 4.11 in this book). In…

Becoming a Citizen

1. … the island; the island’s 1954 Constitution established its status as a commonwealth…

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens and Non-Citizens

1. Constitutional safeguards given to United States citizens were ignored or bypassed…
2. … a number of what the National Constitution Center calls civic holidays, intended to…
3. The Bill of Rights (the Constitution’s first 10 amendments) and civil rights laws…
4. … rights of individuals under the Constitution apply to citizens and non-citizens alike.
5. … them or their homes. Since the Constitution uses the term "people" or "person" rather…

Civic, Political, and Private Life

1. … the national parliament. A 1999 Constitutional amendment in France mandated political…
2. … privacy is not mentioned in the Constitution, the Supreme Court has interpreted several…
3. … oppressive and unreasonable” (Constitutional Powers and Issues During a Quarantine,…
4. However, long-standing Constitutional law gives the states and their governors greater…

Fundamental Principles and Values of American Political and Civic Life

1. … post-Civil War Amendments to the Constitution, the others being the 13th Amendment…
2. … "equality" did not appear in the Constitution of 1787 or the Bill of Rights of 1789.…
3. … inspire those who looked to the Constitution to support their efforts to create a…
4. The National Constitution Center has overviews of more Supreme Court cases involving…
5. Before the Constitution and its Sixth Amendment was passed, the right to trial and…
6. … deliberately addressed in the Constitution through a series of amendments:
7. … overbearing government. In the Constitution, limited government relates to free markets…
8. … of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, and outlining the boundaries of student…
9. … to be expressly written in the Constitution and that delegated powers of the Federal…
10. Students "do not shed their Constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression…
11. … their peers in public schools. Constitutional protections do not necessarily apply.…
12. … This amendment extended people's Constitutional protections to actions by state governments…
13. … how the 14th Amendment to the Constitution has over time extended America’s fundamental…
14. … by the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution, it means that defendants have:

Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

1. … Supreme Court that ruled the Constitution did not grant women the right to vote (Virginia…
2. Throughout U.S. history and even while Constitutional amendments, court cases, and…
3. … vote explicitly set forth in the Constitution, voting is the most commonly recognized…

Election Information

1. … of American politics since the Constitutional Convention. In the decades before the…

Leadership and the Qualities of Political Leaders

1. … Supreme Court affirmed women’s Constitutional right to use contraceptives. There…

Cooperation Between Individuals and Elected Leaders

1. … American government should work. The Constitution’s First Amendment includes the…

Public Service as a Career

1. … decision made racial segregation Constitutional, establishing the doctrine of “separate…

Liberty in Conflict with Equality or Authority

1. … guaranteed to every American under the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. They are…
2. … guaranteed to everyone under the Constitution. Watch The real story of Rosa Parks…

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … affirm or deny the ideals of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
2. … tax (a practice outlawed by the Constitution's 24th Amendment) by requiring former…
3. … of democracy and the nation's Constitution. The INVESTIGATE and UNCOVER modules for…
4. … inside the state of Alabama was unConstitutional because it denied African Americans…
5. … fundamentally negated America’s Constitutional freedoms. The Ku Klux Klan emerged…
6. … live up to the ideals of the Constitution. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for…

Public and Private Interest Groups, PACs, and Labor Unions

1. Democracy for All Constitutional Amendment
2. … proposed an amendment to the Constitution designed to establish rules to limit campaign…
3. … corporations and organizations have the Constitutional right to spend money to promote…
4. … pass a 28th Amendment to the Constitution. Read a text of the proposed Democracy for…

The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

1. Topic 5: The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions
2. … evolving nature of the United States Constitution through amendments, landmark Supreme…

The Necessary and Proper Clause

1. … aspects of the United States Constitution. Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18 of the…
2. … most important provision in the Constitution" (The Necessary and Proper Clause).
3. In writing the Constitution, the framers gave Congress both defined and assumed powers.…
4. … all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States,…
5. … lines a federal crime under the Constitution's Commerce Clause.
6. … laws needed to carry out its Constitutional functions, the 10th Amendment states powers…

Amendments to the Constitution

1. FOCUS QUESTION: How has the Constitution Been Amended and What has Been the Impact…
2. Standard 5.2: Amendments to the Constitution
3. … Resources for Amendments to the Constitution
4. … ENGAGE: What New Amendments to the Constitution Are Needed Today?
5. Special Topic Box: Constitution Rights Around the World
6. … amendments should be added to the U.S. Constitution or to your state's Constitution?…
7. Ecuador's Constitution guarantees 99 rights and Bolivia and Serbia list 88 rights,…
8. … scholars think about changes to the Constitution in a New Constitutional Amendments…
9. … summary of all Amendments to the Constitution is available from the National Constitution…
10. … continues to be a sharply contested Constitutional topic. An Associated Press/NORC…
11. … your top selected rights to the Constitution.
12. More than 40 Constitutional amendments are introduced in Congress every year. They…
13. … total needed for passage of a Constitutional amendment. Virginia then passed the ERA…
14. … Serbia (see the Comparative Constitutions Project rankings).
15. … order to become a part of the Constitution. Conservative and Christian activists,…
16. … changes to the United States Constitution. INVESTIGATE looked at the Prohibition Era…
17. The authors of the Constitution recognized that change would be needed from time to…
18. … the federal government has a Constitution and these documents are being amended (changed)…
19. … voters in Chile rejected a new Constitution that would have been the most progressive…
20. Article V of the Constitution deals with how to amend (change) the laws of the land.
21. … significance of changes in the Constitution, including key amendments. (Massachusetts…
22. At the state level, Constitutional change happens much more often. Voters have approved…

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. Standard 5.3: Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual…
2. … Americans to achieve civil rights and Constitutional freedoms in American society.
3. … always led by white officers. (Constitutional Rights Foundation, 2020, para. 1)
4. … Independence and the United States Constitution promised liberty and justice for all,…
5. … of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution to do that and the 13th Amendment did not…
6. … happened in a country where the Constitution promised to “secure the blessings of…
7. … Civil War is at the center of the Constitutional history of the United States. Before…
8. … true, in point of fact, that the Constitution was made exclusively by the white race."…
9. … the Missouri Compromise was unConstitutional on the grounds that the federal government…
10. … Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Other people in the North did not…
11. … following topics focus directly on Constitutional issues related to governmental power…
12. Analyze the Constitutional issues that caused the Civil War and led to the eventual…
13. … designed to explore key events and Constitutional issues that led to the coming of…

Civil Rights and Equal Protection for Race, Gender, and Disability

1. … shown in the following timeline: Constitutional Amendments and Major Civil Rights…
2. … commission violate the state's Constitution guarantee of equal rights and due process.

Marbury v. Madison and the Principle of Judicial Review

1. "The Constitution means what the Supreme Court says it means," said Professor Eric…
2. … woman's access to abortion are unConstitutional. The law is never fixed, but rather…
3. … originalist interpretation of the Constitution.
4. … powers of the newly adopted U.S. Constitution. He established the principle of Judicial…
5. … branch the final decision on the Constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. In…
6. … as super precedents which are "Constitutional decisions in which public institutions…

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. … students do not “shed their Constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression…
2. … free speech, protected by the Constitution. The school district said the coach was…
3. Watch the video Constitution Hall Pass: Tinker v. Des Moines from the National Constitution…
4. … people's history perspective, Constitutional scholar Peter Irons (1999, pp. xiii)…
5. … of the Second Amendment to the Constitution is at the center of the debates around…
6. … been an unresolved issue in U.S. Constitutional law. The founders, and Thomas Jefferson…
7. … Detainees have not been afforded Constitutional rights to fair trials under the military…
8. … the United States by the Cuban Constitution of 1902.
9. … concealed-carry law, effectively said the Constitution allows the right to carry a…
10. The First Amendment of the Constitution states; "Congress shall make no law respecting…
11. … 4 margin) ruled that it was unConstitutional for the federal government to require…
12. … wearing armbands as a form of Constitutionally protected free speech, unless the actions…
13. … controversy that began with claims to Constitutional protection by ordinary Americans"…

The Structure of Massachusetts State and Local Government

1. … Massachusetts (such as the Massachusetts Constitution and the leadership structure…
2. … it appeared in the state’s Constitution in 1780 (the states of Kentucky, Pennsylvania…

Functions of State and National Government

1. … Sequoyah Convention drafted a Constitution with a Bill of Rights and proposed the…
2. … self-governing) entity by the United States Constitution, Article 1/Section 8:

United States and Massachusetts Constitutions

1. … United States and Massachusetts Constitutions
2. FOCUS QUESTION: How Does a Constitution Organize Government for People?
3. Media Literacy Connections: A Constitution for the Internet
4. A Constitution is the law of a state or a nation. Throughout American history, the…
5. Amendment X of the Constitution: Rights of the States under the Constitution (Part…
6. Under the United States Constitution, certain powers are reserved for the federal government…
7. … have the opportunity to create a Constitution and bill of rights for the Internet:
8. … provisions of the United States Constitution and the Massachusetts Constitution that…
9. In addition to the federal Constitution, every U.S. state and territory has its own…
10. … federal and Massachusetts state Constitution.
11. … imprisonment (Reparations for Slavery? Constitutional Rights Foundation). 
12. … writing of the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
13. The Internet has no Constitution and the laws about its use and rights of people using…
14. A Constitution sets forth “the basic principles of the state, the structures and…
15. … end. The Massachusetts state Constitution was used in a 1781 Berkshire County court…
16. … Court declared slavery was unConstitutional under the Massachusetts State Constitution.…

Enumerated and Implied Powers

1. … and Implied Powers of the U.S. Constitution
2. … enumerated and implied powers. The Constitution gives the federal government the enumerated…
3. … States and the Massachusetts Constitution. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for…
4. … United States and Massachusetts Constitutions have both enumerated (directly stated)…
5. … United States and Massachusetts Constitutions.
6. … excluding women from the draft unConstitutional? Should Congress use its implied powers…
7. … that is powers not named in the Constitution, but necessary for governing the country.…
8. … Article 1 Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution. Among the 18 direct powers given to…
9. … Columbia’s minimum wage law as unConstitutional under the Fifth Amendment. Over…

Core Documents: The Protection of Individual Rights

1. … Article I of the Massachusetts Constitution
2. Massachusetts Constitution, Article I
3. … Resources for the Massachusetts Constitution
4. … Article 1 of the Massachusetts Constitution. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for…
5. … the First of the Massachusetts Constitution is hereby annulled and the following is…
6. … Article 1 of the Massachusetts Constitution. UNCOVER examined the history of marriage…
7. … Article 1 of the Massachusetts Constitution. Each of these documents serve as foundations…
8. The Massachusetts Constitution, including Article I, was drafted by John Adams, the…
9. Modified Text of Massachusetts Constitution Article I
10. Original Text of Massachusetts Constitution Article I
11. … learn, propose an amendment to the Constitution that focuses on the right to privacy…
12. … Amendments of the United States Constitution is known as The Bill of Rights. It was…
13. Article I of the Massachusetts Constitution focuses on the rights of people (see Table…

10th Amendment to the Constitution

1. Standard 6.5: 10th Amendment to the Constitution
2. … debate, especially given the Constitution's necessary and proper clause that states…
3. The 10th Amendment to the Constitution states that any powers not granted to the federal…
4. … Supreme Court declared the PASPA unConstitutional under the 10th Amendment.  The…
5. … of the 10th amendment in the Constitution. Anti-Federalists were worried about a concentration…
6. … 10th Amendment from National Constitution Center and the necessary and proper clause…
7. … Amendment to the United States Constitution is important to state government and identify…

Additional Provisions of the Massachusetts Constitution

1. … the Federal and Massachusetts Constitutions
2. … Language and Images in State Constitutions, Laws, and Materials
3. … Provisions of the Massachusetts Constitution
4. … the Massachusetts and Federal Constitutions
5. … proposal at Voters to Decide on Constitution Change that Allows 'Millionaire's Tax'…
6. In the United States, Constitutions establish the essential framework for democratic…
7. … Massachusetts, guided by the Massachusetts Constitution, continues to expand liberties…
8. … government documents, laws, and Constitutions as well. The Massachusetts State Constitution…
9. … the Massachusetts and federal Constitutions. UNCOVER looked at ongoing efforts to…
10. … Knowing about the Massachusetts Constitution" discusses key differences between the…
11. … 1780, the Massachusetts State Constitution is the oldest still-functioning written…
12. … historians, the Massachusetts Constitution is the more expansive and democratic document…
13. … differences as well. The Massachusetts Constitution has been amended 120 times; the…
14. Revising language in state Constitutions, state laws, and city codes to be more inclusive…
15. … provided by the Massachusetts Constitution that are not provided by the U.S. Constitution.…
16. … proposed change to the Massachusetts Constitution called the Fair Share Amendment.…

Responsibilities of Federal, State and Local Government

1. … Democrats. Nevertheless, legally and Constitutionally, state governments have power…
2. … governor's orders violated the town's Constitutional right to opt-out of emergency…
3. … Face-Covering Requirements and the Constitution, Price & Diaz, American Constitution…

Tax-Supported Facilities and Services

1. The Constitution gives Congress the power to tax and spend, otherwise known as the…
2. … by the 16th Amendment to the Constitution in 1913. Under a progressive income tax…
3. … Jean-Baptiste Le Roy, “Our new Constitution is now established, everything seems…

Freedom of the Press and News/Media Literacy

1. … of the First Amendment to the Constitution. Today, the press means forms of publication…

Freedom of the Press

1. … Amendment to the United States Constitution:  
2. … conviction, thereby establishing "a Constitutional principle the doctrine that, with…
3. … protections written into the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
4. … grievances” (Amendment 1: U.S. Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press,…
5. … Amendment to the United States Constitution and in Article 16 of the Massachusetts…

Evaluating Print and Online Media

1. … Fairness Doctrine: History and Constitutional Issues, Congressional Research Service,…

References

1. … (2020, January 14). What the Constitution actually says about a senate impeachment…
2. … Presidency, the Supreme Court, and Constitutional leadership in U.S. history. Princeton:…
3. … Proposed amendments to the U.S. Constitution seldom go anywhere. Retrieved from Pew…
4. … and Reconstruction remade the Constitution. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
5. … king: Executive power and the Constitution. Retrieved from Stanford Law School website:…
6. … Newshour. (2018, June 15). What Constitutional rights do undocumented immigrants have?…
7. Constitutional Rights Foundation. (1991 Fall/Winter). Who voted in early America? Bill…
8. … E. J. (2016, February 10). The Constitution means what the Supreme Court says it means.…
9. Constitutional Rights Foundation. (2019). Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau on…
10. … the ship, and the pen: Warfare, Constitutions, and the Making of the Modern World.…

Court

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. … Congress, the President, and the Courts
2. Significant Supreme Court Decisions
3. … Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court [Standards 8.T5.1-6]

Learning Pathway: Racial Justice and Black Lives Matter

1. … Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

Learning Pathway: Influential Women

1. … Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

Learning Pathway: Student Rights

1. … Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

Learning Pathway: Current Events

1. … Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

Learning Pathway: Critical Media Literacy

1. … Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

The Philosophical Foundations of the United States Political System

1. … "Republicans" or "Democrats." The Supreme Court's architecture recalls a Roman…

The Government of the Roman Republic

1. … written laws. Disputes were settled in Courts. There were separate branches…
2. Latin is the language of the law, Courts, and government so understanding Latin…

British Influences on American Government

1. … charters, travel narratives, Court hearings, first-hand accounts of captives,…
2. … case before the Vermont Supreme Court. She died in 1821 at age 97.

The Development of the United States Government

1. … well as efforts by people and Courts to balance states rights and federal power…

The Articles of Confederation

1. … the state government and local Courts that were auctioning off their homes…

The Constitutional Convention

1. … first African American Supreme Court Justice gave what has become known as…
2. … executive (the president), and a Court system.

Debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists

1. … policy has been established in Court, namely Massachusetts v. EPA (2006), a…

Institutions of United States Government

1. … (President), and judiciary (Supreme Court).
2. … "General Assembly," "General Court," or "Legislative Assembly"), executives…

Branches of the Government and the Separation of Powers

1. … Congress, the President, and the Courts.
2. … shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress…

Checks and Balances Between the Branches of Government

1. The Supreme Court has also limited the President's use of executive privilege,…
2. … Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. A super majority (67 out of 100 members)…
3. … numerous actors — Congress, the Courts, interest groups, political appointees…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … Congress, the President, and the Courts in the United States Government?
2. … Congress, the President, and the Courts
3. State Courts and Racial Disparities
4. The Supreme Court
5. … (legislative), and the Supreme Court (judicial). UNCOVER explored the history…
6. … government is made up of federal Courts and the Supreme Court.  
7. … is one of a number of Supreme Court cases that directly impacted the lives…
8. Each year, the Court will receive some 7,000 to 8,000 requests for review, known…
9. … "nine old men" of the Supreme Court, asked Congress to appoint six new justices…
10. … information, link to Do Supreme Court Dissents Make a Difference to the Law?
11. … and super precedents in Supreme Court decisions. 
12. … Latina). Go here to the Supreme Court website for biographies of current justices.
13. 3. INVESTIGATE: The Supreme Court and State Courts
14. … of the United States Supreme Court"EqualJusticeUnderLaw" by UpstateNYer is…
15. … States also has a system of state Courts that function along side federal Courts.…
16. … viewpoints prevailing ("The Supreme Court's Enigmatic 'Shadow Docket' Explained,"…
17. … landmark In re Gault decision, the Court agreed, establishing the rule that…
18. The United States has a dual Court system consisting of the federal judicial…
19. … filibuster spending bills or lower Court judicial appointments. The filibuster…
20. 3.1 ENGAGE:  What Supreme Court Cases Should All Teenagers Know?
21. … national publicity when the Supreme Court issued an unsigned, single paragraph…
22. … Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. With Joe Biden's Inauguration in 2021,…
23. The Supreme Court has not always had 9 justices. Originally there were 6, a…
24. … the President, and the Federal Courts - have their own roles and powers, as…
25. … woman appointed to the federal Courts in 1928. In 1939, Jane Bolin became the…
26. … be heard in state or federal Court.
27. In addition to the Supreme Court, there are 94 federal district Courts and 13…
28. … American Government, the Supreme Court has achieved a position of judicial…
29. … was brought before a juvenile Court judge and sentenced to seven years in a…
30. … relief hearing. More recently, the Court has begun resolving politically-charged…
31. … different levels of the American Court system. Looking across federal Courts…
32. The federal Courts hold the power of interpreting the law, determining the constitutionality…
33. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction (in cases involving conflicts…
34. … nine Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President and confirmed…
35. … or Restructuring the Supreme Court
36. … James Earle Fraser on the Supreme Court Building's main steps"Contemplation…
37. To learn more, check out How Courts Work from the American Bar Association.…
38. … to the 60 to 70 cases that the Court hears each term with full briefings, oral…
39. … proposals for reforming the Supreme Court: 1) increasing the number of justices;…
40. … urged reforms in light of the Court's steady set of conservative rulings on…
41. … differences in sentencing in state Courts and the larger criminal justice system…
42. A Court is a place where people go to resolve disputes legally and peacefully.…
43. … Should We Restructure the Supreme Court?
44. … and/or restructuring the Supreme Court to the center of American politics.…
45. … Judicial Branch and key Supreme Court decisions should every teenager know.

Elections and Nominations

1. … in 2020 by the state's Supreme Court, Maine will become the first-ever state…
2. … 6, 2020). In 2020, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld state laws that remove,…
3. … included the Bush v. Gore Supreme Court case in which the Court stopped a recount…

The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

1. In the video below, Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Neil Gorsuch…

Becoming a Citizen

1. … Amendment in 1868. It took a Supreme Court decision, United States v. Wong…
2. … principles that are applied in a Court of law; citizenship is the product of…
3. … Rican, is a current Supreme Court Justice. Deborah Aguiar-Velez is the author…
4. … home country. An immigration Court makes the final decision as to asylum. In…

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens and Non-Citizens

1. … Rights Established by the Supreme CourtImage from Office of the U.S. Attorney,…
2. … appealed his case to the Supreme Court which upheld his conviction. That conviction…

Civic, Political, and Private Life

1. … the Constitution, the Supreme Court has interpreted several of the amendments…
2. … precedent, set by the Supreme Court in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) is that the…

Fundamental Principles and Values of American Political and Civic Life

1. … has overviews of more Supreme Court cases involving the 14th Amendment.
2. … were among the landmark Supreme Court decisions based on the 14th Amendment.
3. … every person deserved a trial in Court and a lawyer to defend them, no matter…
4. According to the United States Courts, "the Rule of law is a principle under…
5. … School District vs. B.L. Supreme Court decision (the so-called school cheerleader…
6. … the legal basis for the Supreme Court’s subsequent decisions desegregating…
7. … schoolhouse gate" declared the Supreme Court in the 1969 Tinker v. Des Moines case…
8. … till the 1963 landmark Supreme Court case Gideon v. Wainwright to ensure that…
9. … J. Ross (2015) contended that Courts have retreated from the broad protections…

Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

1. … v. Happersett (1875) Supreme Court Case
2. … Minor’s case was heard in the same Courtroom in St. Louis, Missouri where…
3. … while constitutional amendments, Court cases, and state and federal laws expanded…
4. … Suffrage Association, challenged in Court voting restrictions against women.  
5. … Native American Vote. A Federal Court found North Dakota’s voter identification…

Leadership and the Qualities of Political Leaders

1. … Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1794), and Sandra Day O’Connor, the first…
2. … Connecticut (1965), the Supreme Court affirmed women’s constitutional right…
3. … by-laws, a jury decision in a Court case, an election for public office).

Public Service as a Career

1. How will the Courts rule on divisive concept laws? What about the Court of public…
2. … challenge educational segregation in Court. Although she lost the 1849 Roberts…
3. … raised by such questions, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit in…
4. … of the New York statute, the Court ruled in favor of the professors, overturning…
5. … Ceballos (2006), the Supreme Court ruled that public employees generally do…
6. … otherwise retaliated against?” the Court said. “On the other side, doesn’t…
7. … power and control. The Supreme Court’s 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision made…
8. Basically, the Courts have decided that teachers are in a special category where…

Liberty in Conflict with Equality or Authority

1. Court cases involving transgender student rights at school center around three…

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … voters. In June 2021, the Supreme Court allowed voter suppression laws in Arizona…
2. A district Court ruled that segregation on buses inside the state of Alabama…
3. … Amistad in 1839 and was defended in Court by the former President, John Quincy…
4. … Smith—in the Browder v. Gayle Court case challenging segregation on the city’s…
5. In a famous Court case, John Scopes, a public school science teacher, went to…

Public and Private Interest Groups, PACs, and Labor Unions

1. Citizens United Supreme Court Decision
2. … Federal Election Commission Supreme Court decision changed the rules about…

The Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions

1. … Constitution, Amendments, and Supreme Court Decisions
2. … amendments, landmark Supreme Court decisions, social and political movements,…

The Necessary and Proper Clause

1. … United States (1997), the Supreme Court ruled that requiring states to follow…
2. … Business v. Sebelius, the Supreme Court said Congress could not use the necessary…

Amendments to the Constitution

1. … overturning the Citizens United Supreme Court decision (from progressive and…
2. … issue is likely to go the Supreme Court for resolution.

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. Dred Scott v Sanford Supreme Court Case
2. … Dred Scott, a Black man, sued in Court for the freedom of his wife and daughters…
3. Supreme Court Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis who began his law career in Northfield,…
4. … could not become citizens. The Court further said the Missouri Compromise was…

Civil Rights and Equal Protection for Race, Gender, and Disability

1. … County v. Holder, the Supreme Court rejected the VRA's "coverage formula" (Section…
2. … County, Georgia case, the Supreme Court held that the Title VII of the 1964…
3. … December 2022, the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a lower Court decision…
4. Court decisions are divided as to what is discriminatory conduct. In Bostock…

Marbury v. Madison and the Principle of Judicial Review

1. … Connections: Reading Supreme Court Dissents Aloud
2. 3. ENGAGE: Do Supreme Court Dissents Make a Difference to the Law? 
3. … of Tears and Native American Court Cases
4. … Chief John Ross, and Supreme Court Cases Involving Native Americans
5. Andrew Jackson ignored the Court, declaring, "John Marshall has made his decision,…
6. … cases come before the Supreme Court, how cases are argued, and how the Court…
7. … the course of her career on the Court, Ruth Bader Ginsburg (RBG) authored many…
8. … Constitution means what the Supreme Court says it means," said Professor Eric…
9. … Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the Court held that anyone charged with a crime…
10. … the only woman justice on the Court at the time, dissented passionately, declaring…
11. … 2009 that reversed the Supreme Court’s decision. Ginsburg's dissent is credited…
12. … Removal Act went to the Supreme Court led by John Marshall. In a famous case,…
13. … before the United States Supreme Court are decided by a majority vote of the…
14. … QUESTION: How Does the Supreme Court Use the Power of Judicial Review to Interpret…
15. … Ginsburg (RBG) produced one of the Court’s most dramatic dissent read alouds…
16. … historic dissents in Supreme Court history: Benjamin Robbins Curtis in the…
17. … million settlement in federal Court. However, the Supreme Court (by a 5 to…
18. … July), the United States Supreme Court decides between 70 and 80 cases and…
19. … his leadership, the ‘Marshall Court’ shaped the law and government of the…
20. … spoken directly by a Supreme Court justice might influence people's thinking.
21. … the greatest dissents do become Court opinions and gradually over time their…
22. … notable occasions, however, the Court changes its earlier interpretations in…
23. … Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Andrew Jackson, the 7th President and…
24. Courts in the United States operate on the principle of stare decisis (translated…
25. … that can, over time, lead the Court and public opinion in new directions. As…
26. … Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Fauquier, Virginia in 1755.…

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. … QUESTION: How Do Landmark Supreme Court Cases Impact Our Lives?
2. Standard 5.6c: Supreme Court Decisions: Rights in Conflict
3. Standard 5.6a: Supreme Court Decisions: First Amendment Rights
4. Standard 5.6b: Supreme Court Decisions: Due Process and Equal Protection
5. Standard 5.6: Significant Supreme Court Decisions
6. … Resources for the Flag-Related Court Cases
7. Recent Court Decisions
8. … for School Prayer and Religion Court Cases
9. Recent Supreme Court Decisions: Right-to-Carry Laws
10. … Control Laws and Second Amendment Court Cases
11. … Connections: Television Cameras in Courtrooms
12. … plaintiffs won their case in federal Court, making it the first time in U.S.…
13. How has the Supreme Court interpreted the rights of individuals in key areas…
14. … time in history, the Supreme Court announced it would make publicly available…
15. … by eight years. Future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall represented…
16. … by a 7 to 2 vote, the Supreme Court agreed with the students, declaring in…
17. … Moines (1969) - Landmark Supreme Court Ruling on Behalf of Student Expression.
18. … Bremerton School District (2022), the Court ruled 6 to 3 that a high school…
19. The Court's majority held that since the games were over, the coach was free…
20. … step of disagreeing with the Court's decision.
21. … 5.6c below] in which Supreme Court Decisions have made significant changes…
22. … more about significant Supreme Court decisions at the First Amendment Encyclopedia…
23. In 2008, the Supreme Court's decision in District of Columbia v. Heller expanded…
24. Viewing the history of Supreme Court decisions from a people's history perspective,…
25. … should be allowed in the Supreme Court and other Courtrooms, while other people…
26. … regulate it or seek to prevent it. Courts, Breyer said, "must be more skeptical…
27. … should be allowed in judicial Courtrooms, and if so, how Supreme Court proceedings…
28. … the same week of the Supreme Court's right-to-carry decision, Congress passed,…
29. … politics. Although the Supreme Court established in West Virginia State Board…
30. In June 2022, the Court issued a decision in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association,…
31. … spoke English. The district Court judge ruled in favor of the Maestas' family,…
32. … school all the way to the Supreme Court.
33. … considering the Cameras in the Courtroom Act, introduced in 2019, which would…
34. … school in an era of social media. Courts have established that schools in general…
35. … viewpoint won a significant Supreme Court victory in Printz v. United States…
36. … case decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in June 2018, centers on a high school…
37. … landmark decision by the Supreme Court. In just the past 70 years:
38. … v. Vitale (1962), the Supreme Court ruled that requiring prayer in public schools…
39. Significant Supreme Court decisions known as landmark cases make huge changes…
40. … First Amendment, the Supreme Court has produced far-reaching legal decisions,…
41. The Court said school officials could not block wearing armbands as a form of…
42. … and each case "brought into the Courtroom an unresolved political conflict:…
43. A U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that although her post was "crude, rude, and juvenile,"…
44. … 1996, a small number of federal Courts of appeals and district Courts have…
45. … mothers took the school system to Court. The U.S. Court of Appeals overturned…
46. The Supreme Court, by an 8 to 1 majority, agreed that the student cannot be…

The Structure of Massachusetts State and Local Government

1. … governor, legislature, and state's Court system. There are a total of 7,383…

Functions of State and National Government

1. … operate police departments and Courts, provide education and other social services,…
2. The Supreme Court reaffirmed that principle in its decision in Worcester v.…
3. … 2020, the United States Supreme Court declared that much of eastern Oklahoma…

United States and Massachusetts Constitutions

1. … Barrington, the town where Mum Bett’s Court case was heard.
2. … until the 1780s when a series of Court cases led to its end. The Massachusetts…
3. … justice of the state’s Supreme Court declared slavery was unconstitutional…

Enumerated and Implied Powers

1. … Oregon in 1914. But a 1923 Supreme Court decision struck down the District…

Core Documents: The Protection of Individual Rights

1. … Should You Go to Small Claims Court?
2. 2. UNCOVER: Marriage Equality Court Cases
3. … Resources for Marriage Equality Court Cases
4. … proceedings are not settled in these Courts. Anyone 18 or over can file a claim.…
5. … following the state’s Supreme Court decision, Goodridge v. Massachusetts…
6. … example, in A Guide to Small Claims Court Cases, written by Legal Aid of North…
7. However, going to Court involves time off from work or school - a potential…
8. … the steps in the small claims Court process from “What Do I Need to Know…
9. … history of marriage equality Court cases. ENGAGE asked when should an individual…
10. … government, political groups, and the Courts. Standard 6.4 offers an opportunity…
11. … was overturned by the Supreme Court in U.S. v Windsor (2013) which held that…
12. … and settle disputes outside of Court through negotiations between the parties…
13. In Massachusetts, Small Claims Court is a place where people go to settle financial…
14. Small claims Courts have their origins in a longstanding American belief in…
15. … Obergefell v. Hodges Supreme Court decision, means that same-sex couples can…
16. … many advantages to small claims Court. Court proceedings do not involve costly…
17. … first major same-sex marriage Court case took place in Hawaii in 1993. The…
18. In the Obergefell case, the Court held that the 14th Amendment requires states…

10th Amendment to the Constitution

1. The Court’s decision dramatically changed the practice of sports gambling,…
2. In 2018, however, the Supreme Court declared the PASPA unconstitutional under…

Additional Provisions of the Massachusetts Constitution

1. … cases, the United States Supreme Court has expanded LGBTQIA rights:
2. … Constitution were the basis for Court decisions that ended slavery in the state…

Responsibilities of Federal, State and Local Government

1. … Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905) Court Case
2. … students are based on a 1922 Supreme Court ruling in the case Zucht v. King.…
3. … Jacobson v. Massachusetts Supreme Court decision discussed in the UNCOVER section…
4. … Massachusetts (1905), the Supreme Court upheld the authority of states to enforce…

Leadership Structure of the Massachusetts Government

1. … made up of the Supreme Judicial Court, the Appeals Court, and the Trial Court.…
2. … Register of Probate, Check of Courts, and Sheriff.
3. … can also elect State Supreme Court Justices.

Freedom of the Press and News/Media Literacy

1. … Lovell v. City of Griffin, Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes authored…

Freedom of the Press

1. … Notable Freedom of the Press Court Cases
2. … Notable Freedom of the Press Court Cases
3. … Kuhlmeier (1988), the Supreme Court disagreed with the students, ruling that…
4. Landmark freedom of the press Court cases include:
5. … 6 to 3 decision, the Supreme Court ruled against the Nixon Administration citing…
6. The Supreme Court overturned Near's conviction, thereby establishing "a constitutional…
7. … INVESTIGATE examined notable Court cases where the rights of journalists were…
8. The Supreme Court declared that the First Amendment protects the publication…
9. … publishing the paper and convicted in Court under a Minnesota Public Nuisance…

Competing Information in a Free Press

1. … news of legal proceedings and Court decisions as well as births, deaths, and…

Writing the News: Different Formats and Their Functions

1. … of the United States Supreme Court, is reported to have said that he always…

Evaluating Print and Online Media

1. A subsequent naval Court of inquiry concluded that the ship was destroyed by…

References

1. … (2015). We the students: Supreme Court cases for and about students. Thousand…
2. … Supreme inequality: The Supreme Court’s fifty-year battle for a more unjust…
3. … supremacy: The Presidency, the Supreme Court, and constitutional leadership…
4. … Constitution means what the Supreme Court says it means. Harvard Law Review…
5. … in censorship: How schools and Courts subvert students’ first amendment rights.…
6. … (2020, September 25). The other Court fight. The New York Times, The Morning.
7. … people’s history of the Supreme Court. New York: Penguin Books.

COVID-19

Introduction

1. … crises of our era," including the COVID-19 pandemic, accelerating climate change,…
2. … governments to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Government of Ancient Athens

1. … Century Digital Government and the COVID-19 Pandemic
2. … Massachusetts, during the spring 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The unit covers one week…
3. … Amherst Website"May 2020 during COVID-19 PandemicPublic Domain 
4. … the realities created by the COVID-19 pandemic, 2) the impact of the Olympic marathon…
5. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased efforts by governments to function digitally…

The Government of the Roman Republic

1. … Massachusetts during the spring 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The plans offer one week…

The Articles of Confederation

1. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic again pitted states against the federal government…

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … smoke maps from wildfires, and COVID-19 pandemic infection and hospitalization…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … mail-in voting resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. 
2. … questions about immigration policies, COVID-19 pandemic regulations, federal executions…

Becoming a Citizen

1. … President Trump used the global COVID-19 pandemic as an reason to block migrants…

Civic, Political, and Private Life

1. Media Literacy Connections: COVID-19 Information Evaluation
2. … an event as unprecedented as COVID-19? How do you know? In what ways? As a nation,…
3. … were then expected to enforce COVID-19 rules, but lacked the resources to do so…
4. … government's responses to the COVID-19 pandemic impacted people's personal lives…
5. The U.S. response to the 2020 COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic revealed the interconnections…
6. … to distinguish fake news about COVID-19 from the truthful and reliable information…
7. … nations did better addressing the COVID-19 pandemic, a New York Times reporter…
8. … economic dislocations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has pushed the direct government…
9. … Privacy Called into Question During COVID-19 Pandemic). Although the right to…
10. … Lives and Government Responses to COVID-19
11. The COVID-19 pandemic blended civic, political, and private lives in unique ways.…
12. … health emergency such as the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Other modules examine women's…
13. … severity and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. This has led to very different…
14. … people's freedoms in response to COVID-19. China locked down some 60 million people,…

Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

1. … Massachusetts, during the spring 2020 COVID-19 pandemic when schools went to all…
2. The COVID-19 pandemic renewed calls for the United States to expand vote by mail…

Cooperation Between Individuals and Elected Leaders

1. … business practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Public Service as a Career

1. … the nation's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In late August, 2020, the Trump…
2. … in job applications due to the COVID-19 pandemic has created a significant number…

The Role of Political Protest

1. … are directly connected to the COVID-19 pandemic policies of the Republican Party.

Civil Rights and Equal Protection for Race, Gender, and Disability

1. … 2019, and that was before the COVID-19 pandemic created widespread unemployment…

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. During the COVID-19 Pandemic (April 2020), for the first time in history, the Supreme…

The Structure of Massachusetts State and Local Government

1. … the Trump Presidency, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Functions of State and National Government

1. … current government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic are two revealing historical…
2. … disputes over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, health care (the Affordable…

10th Amendment to the Constitution

1. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, states have used their 10th Amendment powers…
2. … government policies during the COVID-19 Pandemic? Does your state government use…
3. … Local Government Responses to COVID-19 from the Library of Congress.
4. … the media to communicate their COVID-19 pandemic policies. 

Responsibilities of Federal, State and Local Government

1. 2. UNCOVER: COVID-19 Vaccinations, Face Masks, and the Jacobson v. Massachusetts…
2. … Fall 2021 (Key Questions about COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates, KFF, April 2021).
3. … requiring children to have a COVID-19 vaccine to attend school.
4. … importance of the research. As with COVID-19 vaccines today, there was skepticism…
5. … 2021, amidst the spread of the COVID-19 Delta variant, California, New York, and…
6. The COVID-19 pandemic has generated intense political debates over whether state,…
7. … a way to combat the spread of COVID-19 by increasing vaccinations among unvaccinated…

Components of Local Government

1. While the COVID-19 virus has made it more difficult for people to participate in…
2. … extracurricular activities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, school boards around…
3. … meetings were upended by the COVID-19 pandemic. Throughout the spring of 2020,…

Evaluating Print and Online Media

1. … during a nationwide spike in COVID-19 cases, a video created by the right wing…

Analyzing Editorials, Editorial Cartoons, or Op-Ed Commentaries

1. … violation of their dangerous COVID-19 misinformation policies (NPR, August 5,…
2. … Quantifying Sources and Themes in COVID-19 infodemic).
3. … labels on 98 million pieces of COVID-19 misinformation.

References

1. … women-led nations doing better with COVID-19? The New York Times. Retrieved from…

Daniel Ellsberg

Freedom of the Press

1. … war analyst and whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg had leaked the information to the press.…

Competing Information in a Free Press

1. … Upton Sinclair, Rachel Carson, Daniel Ellsberg, and More
2. … releasing the Pentagon Papers (Daniel Ellsberg, 1971) to exposing sexual harassment in…

Dark money

Election Information

1. … influence of wealthy donors and Dark money on candidates and the political process.…

Public and Private Interest Groups, PACs, and Labor Unions

1. Super PACs and Dark money
2. Two new terms—Super PACs and Dark money—have dramatically changed how individuals…

Declaration of Independence

Introduction

1. … American ideal, articulated in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, is that all…

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. The Revolutionary Era and the Declaration of Independence

The Philosophical Foundations of the United States Political System

1. … does not appear in either the Declaration of Independence or the United States Constitution, democracy…
2. … influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the structure of…

Enlightenment Thinkers and Democratic Government

1. … Jefferson's famous quote from the Declaration of Independence was based on Lockean philosophy: "We…

British Influences on American Government

1. … -- 41 of 56 men who signed the Declaration of Independence were slave owners. 
2. The Declaration of Independence stated: “But when a government continually violates the rights of…
3. … influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution, it offers another…

The Development of the United States Government

1. … documents of our democracy—the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the…

The Revolutionary Era and the Declaration of Independence

1. 3.ENGAGE: What Would a 21st Century Declaration of Independence Declare?
2. … The Revolutionary Era and the Declaration of Independence
3. The principles of the Declaration of Independence, declared Frederick Douglass in his 1852 Fourth…
4. … July 4, 1776 was not the first Declaration of Independence in the colonies (Worcester, Massachusetts…
5. Modeled after the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration of Sentiments contained a list of the…
6. The Declaration of Independence is a key document of the American Revolution, but by the time it was…
7. … Congress on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence consists of 1,320 of the most famous words…
8. … unalienable rights" (A 21st Century Declaration of Independence, KQED, July 2, 2021).
9. "Declaration of Independence" by John Trumbull | Public Domain
10. … freedom it protects. Still the Declaration of Independence remains the outstanding example of the…
11. What should a 21st century Declaration of Independence declare? What language from the original Declaration…
12. Since the Revolution, how has the Declaration of Independence shaped Americans' thinking about freedom,…
13. … purpose of government in the Declaration of Independence. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for…
14. … independence. Modeled after the original Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson…

The Constitutional Convention

1. … bondage in a nation where the Declaration of Independence had declared "all men are created equal."

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … were ranked from 1 to 100. The Declaration of Independence was first, followed by the Constitution,…
2. … acquire the rights promised by the Declaration of Independence and guaranteed to all citizens by…
3. … Revolution, the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence, and framework of government…
4. Suggested Learning Activity: Sign the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution

The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

1. … live up to the ideals of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution (see Topic 4.11 in…

Liberty in Conflict with Equality or Authority

1. … happiness” (a phrase from the Declaration of Independence). The Pledge of Allegiance declares there…

The Role of Political Protest

1. … Concord. Three years later in the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson affirmed the importance…

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. … history (1989, para 14). The Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution promised…
2. … at odds with the ideals of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Other people in…

United States and Massachusetts Constitutions

1. … Resolves, a precursor to the Declaration of Independence’s claim at all people are free. W.E.B.…

Core Documents: The Protection of Individual Rights

1. … “inalienable rights” in the Declaration of Independence. People’s rights exist “prior to…

Democracy

Introduction

1. BUILDING Democracy FOR ALL
2. … on this Google Doc: Building Democracy for All eBook References. 
3. … and Trumpism and its attacks on Democracy and the rule of law. The challenging…
4. Building Democracy for All has been developed by a collaborative writing team of…
5. Building Democracy for All is organized around seven major topics and 50 learning…
6. … Companion YouTube Channel, UMass Democracy for All provides video introductions…
7. … that the promise and reality of Democracy has been denied Black Americans, women,…
8. … teachers and students, Building Democracy for All offers instructional ideas, interactive…
9. … contemporary experiences. To build Democracy for all, as the book is titled, we…
10. … among students. Like Building Democracy for All, the Media Literacy Companion Edition…
11. … a companion ebook to Building Democracy for All entitled Critical Media Literacy…
12. Read a review of Building Democracy for All from the Open Textbook Library
13. Building Democracy for All is based on our belief that civic learning will be impactful…
14. Welcome to Building Democracy for All - an interactive, multimodal, multicultural,…

Table of Contents with Critical Media Literacy Connections

1. … something. You must do something. Democracy is not a state. It is an act, and each…

Learning Pathway: Racial Justice and Black Lives Matter

1. Building Democracy For All is designed so that teachers and students can follow…

Learning Pathway: Influential Women

1. Building Democracy for All Chapters
2. Building Democracy For All is designed so that teachers and students can follow…

Learning Pathway: Student Rights

1. Building Democracy for All Chapters
2. Building Democracy For All is designed so that teachers and students can follow…

Learning Pathway: Elections 2024, 2022, & 2020

1. … I: Election Topics in Building Democracy for All 
2. … and the Challenge of American Democracy by political scientists Lynn Vavreck, Chris…
3. … about the future of American Democracy. We designed an Election 2020 choice board…
4. Building Democracy For All is designed so that teachers and students can follow…

Learning Pathway: Current Events

1. Building Democracy for All Chapters
2. Building Democracy For All is designed so that teachers and students can follow…

The Philosophical Foundations of the United States Political System

1. … are the essential elements of Democracy as defined by the United Nations Commission…
2. Democracy comes from the Greek words “demos” and “kratos,” meaning "rule…
3. Democracy, as a framework of government, has evolved over the centuries and now…
4. Here you can find five types of Democracy (electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative,…
5. … researchers with the Varieties of Democracy project have noted, there is "no single…

The Government of Ancient Athens

1. 1. INVESTIGATE: Athenian Democracy and Democratic Government in the 21st Century…
2. … Ancient Athens and United States Democracy and Government Today?
3.  Special Topic Box: Democracy in the World Today
4. Media Literacy Connections: Democracy in Social Media Policies and Community Standards
5. … Governments, and the Demise of Athenian Democracy
6. Online Resources for Athenian Democracy and Digital Government
7. A Foundation for Democracy
8. Democratic Schools and School Democracy
9. Democracy was not the only accomplishment that modern day America owes to Ancient…
10. … effectively ending the era of Athenian Democracy. You can learn more from the book…
11. Athens' "first Democracy," limited though it was, operated on two principles new…
12. Athenian Democracy's foundational principles included equality, harmony, debate,…
13. As a political system, Democracy is said to have begun in the Greek city-state of…
14. … (2015), "we actually practice Democracy very rarely in our everyday lives" (para.…
15. … undemocratic elements of Athenian Democracy, particularly in terms of women’s…
16. … political practices of Athenian Democracy are relevant to understanding how democracies…
17. … democratic experience, but practicing Democracy also means exercising one’s rights…
18. … second decade of the 21st century, Democracy and democratic institutions continue…
19. … report assessed the state of Democracy in 165 of the world's countries. Only 9%…
20. Democracy - Our World in Data and Democracy 2019,The Economist magazine’s annual…
21. … widely discussed as examples of Democracy being practiced in American society.…
22. … openly cynical about the idea of Democracy in schools or the larger society.
23. The origins of Democracy in ancient Athens invites us to explore how Democracy and…
24. … advantages and complexities of direct Democracy through a simulation of how decisions…
25. … could vote in Athens' limited Democracy. Women, children, slaves, and foreigners…
26. … examined children's experiences with Democracy, participation, and trust in how…
27. … Athens to be the beginning of Democracy and explain how the democratic concepts…
28. … of ancient Athens impact how Democracy became established in the United States?…
29. … Brendan Nyhan (2020) has noted that Democracy is not a binary concept; countries…
30. … countries experiencing declines in Democracy have exceeded countries with gains…
31. … one researcher, an "authentic Democracy" includes the following structures, without…
32. "Democracy is at risk," declared the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral…
33. Democracy was not the only form of government among the city-states of ancient Greece.…

The Government of the Roman Republic

1. … the Development of Modern-Day Democracy? 
2. … did liberty, government, and Democracy mean and for whom did they exist during…
3. … monarchy (rule by one) or a direct Democracy (rule by all). It had democratic features…
4. … and political problems in every Democracy where it was practiced—including colonial…

Enlightenment Thinkers and Democratic Government

1. … good. He advocated for direct Democracy where everyone’s votes determine what…

British Influences on American Government

1. Special Topic Box: Pirate Democracy in the Atlantic World
2. … meetings were a form of direct Democracy. All White men in a community participated…
3. … hangings, Acosta found examples of Democracy and separate branches of government…
4. How did experiments in Democracy and democratic government that began in the 13…
5. … although often harshly. While pirate Democracy may not have directly influenced…

Native American Influences on U.S. Government

1. … America that had a participatory Democracy government with executive, legislative,…
2. You can learn more at Iroquois Democracy & the U.S. Constitution, a website with…

The Development of the United States Government

1. … the founding documents of our Democracy—the Declaration of Independence, the…

The Revolutionary Era and the Declaration of Independence

1. … liberties as members of American Democracy. Imagine that these groups had access…

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … there to be freedom, justice, and Democracy for all. They probe deeply into topics…
2. … in the Caribbean, the second Democracy in the western hemisphere, and the first…
3. … constitutions do not always support Democracy or expand rights and liberties for…
4. … in the ideas and structures of Democracy set forth in these documents?

Checks and Balances Between the Branches of Government

1. … is a "dictatorship of people's Democracy," but it is ruled by one strongman leader,…
2. … dictators and their threats to Democracy in Strongman: The Rise of Five Dictators…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … sustain the rule of law in a Democracy.
2. … of American politics. No other Democracy in the world gives lifetime appointments…

Elections and Nominations

1. … administration of any advanced Democracy" (Toobin, 2020b, p. 37). States organize…
2. … our country’s 21st century Democracy? Why or Why Not?
3. … prominent feature of American Democracy. A poll is a survey given to a small sample…
4. … Leonhardt ("The Electoral College and Democracy," 2020, December 14) have summarized…
5. … people are a hallmark of American Democracy. Yet as commentator Perry Bacon, Jr.…

The Role of Political Parties

1. … and the Challenge of American Democracy by political scientists Lynn Vavreck, Chris…

The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

1. … individual in maintaining a healthy Democracy?
2. … responsibilities of citizens in our Democracy. It consists of 13 modules ranging…

Fundamental Principles and Values of American Political and Civic Life

1. Representative Democracy
2. Representative Democracy is the principle that people elect individuals to represent…

Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

1. Democracy Prep Public Schools
2. Still, it is important to ask: How Democracy Prep did promote civic participation…
3. … number of people participate, then Democracy gives way to a system of government…
4. … Suppression is Destroying Our Democracy.
5. … results. Students chose to apply to Democracy Prep so they may have been inclined…
6. The founders of the Democracy Prep public school network believe they have a successful…
7. … responsibilities that a person has in the Democracy. For more, read Lift Every…
8. … more, go to The Expansion of Democracy during the Jacksonian Era.
9. … Mail? an excerpt from the book Democracy in America? What Has Gone Wrong and What…
10. Describe how a Democracy provides opportunities for citizens to participate in the…

Election Information

1. … on elections and politics in a Democracy, it is important to explore how politicians…
2. In a Democracy, free and fair elections require that voters have access to reliable…

Leadership and the Qualities of Political Leaders

1. … essential ingredient of a vibrant Democracy. Unlike dictators or despots, effective…
2. … decisions. Yet, every member of a Democracy is expected to be actively involved…

Cooperation Between Individuals and Elected Leaders

1. … has a representative form of Democracy. Citizens vote to decide who will represent…

Liberty in Conflict with Equality or Authority

1. … rights.  This concept is central to Democracy—here and around the world. In…

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … attempted to subvert American Democracy with a lie about election fraud that he…
2. … political courage are essential to a Democracy, for as the 35th President John…
3. … which is actually hostility to Democracy” (quoted in "Was the Assault on the…
4. … people affirmed the ideals of Democracy and the nation's Constitution. The INVESTIGATE…
5. … extending core American ideals of Democracy: the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments…
6. … truth and the future of American Democracy."
7. … is an essential quality in a Democracy. INVESTIGATE profiled three examples of…

The Role of Political Protest

1. … Political Protest Happens in a Democracy?
2. … protests play an essential role in a Democracy, acting as a way for a wide majority…
3. … to protest is essential in a Democracy. It is a means for people to express dissatisfaction…
4. … Why Protests Matter in American Democracy. Gillion's research questions a widely-held…
5. … role of political protest in a Democracy. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for…

Public and Private Interest Groups, PACs, and Labor Unions

1. Democracy for All Constitutional Amendment
2. … private interest groups in a Democracy, including policy organizations in shaping…
3. … influences voters and shapes Democracy.
4. … Constitution. Read a text of the proposed Democracy for All amendment, introduced…
5. Democracy is not free, observed French economist Julia Gage in The Price of Democracy…

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. … and questioned the survival of Democracy as a form government.

Significant Supreme Court Decisions

1. … schools are the nurseries of Democracy" and our system of government works only…

The Structure of Massachusetts State and Local Government

1. … (State Legislatures Are Torching Democracy, August 15, 2022), writing in The New…

United States and Massachusetts Constitutions

1. … Concepts, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, August…

Core Documents: The Protection of Individual Rights

1. … the Core Documents of American Democracy?
2. … individual rights is essential to Democracy in this country. INVESTIGATE explored…
3. … serve as foundations for our Democracy and have been influenced and shaped by historical…

Leadership Structure of the Massachusetts Government

1. … men - is at the center of how Democracy in the 21st century.

Components of Local Government

1. … Governments, Social Media and Digital Democracy
2. … town meeting is a form of direct Democracy in which people from the town, rather…
3. … local government is a hallmark of Democracy. In this section, we look at three…
4. … meetings as a form of direct Democracy used in some communities in Massachusetts…
5. … of town meeting-style direct Democracy is still to be decided, but new formats…
6. … can technology revolutionize Democracy? One starting point for considering this…
7. … what has been called digital Democracy (or e-Democracy or e-government). In theory,…
8. … Massachusetts community called it "Democracy only for those with access to transportation;…

Freedom of the Press and News/Media Literacy

1. … Fourth Branch of government in our Democracy because it is intended to report openly…

Competing Information in a Free Press

1. … plays an essential role in a Democracy, but the work of investigation is long and…
2. … from the Past, a report from Democracy Fund.

References

1. … Why protests matter in American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University…
2. … Letter: In Lanesborough, it’s Democracy for the few. The Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved…
3. … (2019, November 14). Want to save Democracy? Start with your little league. The…
4. Hannah-Jones, N. (2019, August 14). Our Democracy’s founding ideals were false…
5. … S. & Teachout, W. (2012). Slow Democracy: Rediscovering community, bringing decision-making…
6. … won the Civil War: Oligarchy, Democracy, and the continuing fight for the soul…
7. … and practice of an archetypal Democracy. [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1492/how-democratic-was-the-roman-republic-the-theory-and-practice-of-an-archetypal-Democracy
8. Sleeter, C. E. (2008). Teaching Democracy in an age of corporatocracy. Teachers…
9. … government: The failure of e-Democracy. Retrieved from https://edtechbooks.org/-Qtep
10. Cage, J. (2020). The price of Democracy: How money shapes politics and what to do…
11. … (2018, April). The impact of Democracy Prep public schools on civic participation.…
12. … five dictators and the fall of Democracy. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
13. … Building the future from the past. Democracy Fund. Retrieved from http://Democracyfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2019_DF_AfricanAmericanMediaToday.pdf
14. … S. (eds) The Secret History of Democracy. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
15. … suppression is destroying our Democracy. New York: Bloomsbury.
16. … July-September). Ancient Indian Democracy: Studies, research and some modern myths.…
17. … Despite global concerns about Democracy, more than half of countries are democratic.…
18. … (2012). Children’s experiences of Democracy, participation, and trust in school.…
19. … and the challenge of American Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
20. Woodruff, P. (2005). First Democracy: The challenge of an ancient idea. New York:…
21. Patrick, J. J. (2006). Understanding Democracy: A hip pocket guide. New York: Oxford…
22. … Middaugh, E. (2008, February). Democracy for some: The civic opportunity gap in…
23. Paige, B.I. & Gilens, M. (2020). Democracy in America? What has gone wrong and what…

Democratic party

Introduction

1. … promoted since the New Deal by the Democratic party and liberal/progressive individuals…

Branches of the Government and the Separation of Powers

1. … D.C. lean strongly toward the Democratic party).  

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … Kamala Harris, the successful 2020 Democratic party Vice-Presidential nominee was born…
2. … largest partisan lean toward the Democratic party; Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, and…
3. … prominent candidate for the 2020 Democratic party nomination for President.

Elections and Nominations

1. … close race narrowly won by the Democratic party. In fact, the 2020 Presidential Election…

The Role of Political Protest

1. … rights has been embraced by the Democratic party, while more recently anti-vaccine protests…

Competing Information in a Free Press

1. … and find political dirt on the Democratic party.

Digital News and Social Media

1. … for its hostile tone" toward Democratic party nominees Joe Biden and Kamala Harris (The…

Digital Choice Board

Introduction

1. … History, Government, and Civic Life Digital Choice Boards for a complete collection developed…
2. Digital Choice Boards invite interactive high-tech and low-tech explorations of curriculum…

Learning Pathway: Influential Women

1. Women Discoverers: A STEM Digital Choice Board

The Philosophical Foundations of the United States Political System

1. … Political System Media Literacy Digital Choice Board

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … Student Legal Rights at School Digital Choice Board.

Discrimination

The Philosophical Foundations of the United States Political System

1. … historical legacies of slavery and Discrimination against people of color.

Native American Influences on U.S. Government

1. … continuing social and economic Discrimination. In its "Broken Promises" report, the…

The Revolutionary Era and the Declaration of Independence

1. … women’s rights and the end of Discrimination and poverty in the nation and the world.…

Articles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights

1. … Rights Act of 1964 that prohibited Discrimination and segregation in public places like…
2. … resistance against segregation and Discrimination faced by African Americans in the…

The Roles of the Congress, the President, and the Courts

1. … consequences formed the line of Discrimination” (quoted in Robin, 2020).

The Role of Political Parties

1. … they want to prohibit workplace Discrimination, create racial equity, fight climate…

Becoming a Citizen

1. … reveals longstanding patterns of Discrimination and indifference toward the island and…

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens and Non-Citizens

1. … noted, the Page Act revealed "Discrimination as well as the stereotyping of Asian women…

Fundamental Principles and Values of American Political and Civic Life

1. Ban on Hairstyle Discrimination in Schools
2. … around efforts to ban hairstyle Discrimination. In July 2022, Massachusetts passed the…

Liberty in Conflict with Equality or Authority

1. … face widespread prejudice and Discrimination in school and society - transgender students…
2. … Washington Post, January 24, 2019). Discrimination based on gender identity is prohibited…
3. … is no federal law prohibiting Discrimination based on sex, gender, or sexual orientation…

Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals

1. … African Americans in response to Discrimination in transportation or other areas of…
2. … as a form of protest against Discrimination. As the website Teaching for Change has…
3. … courageous women and men who, facing Discrimination, injustice, and hatred, worked ceaselessly…
4. … LGBTQ+ community for decades of Discrimination from the State Department (State Department…

Constitutional Issues Related to the Civil War, Federal Power, and Individual Civil Rights

1. … oppression of Black Americans; Discriminations that continue today.

Civil Rights and Equal Protection for Race, Gender, and Disability

1. … benefits of, or be subjected to Discrimination under any education program or activity…
2. … new standard for determining Discrimination, legislation that the Republican-controlled…
3. … Rights Act banned employment Discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.…
4. … declared that Title IX prohibits Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or…
5. … civil rights law prohibiting Discrimination based on gender at educational institutions…
6. … governments with a history of voting Discrimination to get approval from the federal…
7. … Actions by Congress to address Discrimination and injustice have only occasionally resulted…
8. … 1964 Civil Rights Act outlawed Discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion,…
9. … Furthermore, by prohibiting sexual Discrimination, Title IX made verbal or written harassment,…
10. … Civil Rights Act by banning Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.…
11. … expands that protection against Discrimination to explicitly include lesbian, gay, and…
12. … “civil rights law that prohibits Discrimination against individuals with disabilities…
13. … women’s rights, and opposing Discrimination against people with disabilities.